- In the UN
decade on Ecosystem Restoration, afforestation that does not consider
local factors and faulty planting in landscapes like savannahs which
causes loss to local biodiversity, are being replaced with better forest
restoration techniques.
- Identification
and availability of area, lack of research with suitable strategies,
conflict of interest among stakeholders, poverty and financing are some of
the challenges in forest restoration for India, but there also exist
opportunities to meet many global targets.
- Forest-dependent
communities, as the most important and influential stakeholders, must be
included in decision-making. Their concerns must be addressed, and
incentives must be offered.
- The views
in this commentary are that of the author.
Forest
restoration is the act of bringing back a forest or landscape which has been
degraded or damaged by anthropogenic exploitation or natural factors, to its
original state. Forest restoration not only facilitates the recovery of
degraded forests and their various functions, but is also considered as one of
the best solutions to contribute to sustainable development by restoring the
ecological, economic and social functions and values of the forests.
The
continued decline of global forests by 3% between 1990 and 2015 as per
the reports of FAO (2018) has
also necessitated the need for increased forest protection and restoration. The
trend of adopting tree planting as a suitable strategy to fight global warming
owing to their ability to sequester carbon, thereby slowing climate change, is
being challenged by alternate postulations, as in many instances planting
without considering local factors and ecology may lead to negative consequences
and more damages to ecosystems than the intended benefits. Similarly, faulty
planting like planting in grasslands like
savannahs may be disastrous, causing loss of local biodiversity
and their survival.
A study from 2020 that
mapped the carbon accumulation potential from global natural forest regrowth,
stated that naturally regenerated forests tend to have nearly 32% more carbon
storage. These findings have led to a favourable tilt in the conservation
story, with more emphasis on forest restoration than tree planting. In this
decade (2021-2030) on Ecosystem Restoration as designated by the UN, it is
essential to employ new techniques of forest restoration. Restoration is now
widely accepted, and its features such as cost-effectiveness and the ability to
conserve more biodiversity make it a more suitable intervention than tree
planting. It is slowly gaining popularity among people and the governments.
Transitioning from Afforestation to forest restoration
Joining
the Bonn challenge in 2015 with a pledge to
restore 13 million hectares of degraded and deforested land by 2020, India
later revised its restoration target to 26 million hectares by 2030. Since
2011, India has also brought an area of 9.8 million hectares under
restoration. However, as per a report from World Resources Institute (WRI), India has nearly 140 million hectares of potential
for forest protection and landscape restoration that can sequester 3 to 4.3
billion tons of above-ground carbon by 2040. Considering the multiple benefits
of the restoration approach including enhanced biodiversity, ecosystem
services and livelihood needs of people, serious deliberations are on the cards
for a transition from afforestation to ecological restoration.
The
thrust of the Indian Government so far, has mainly been around various
afforestation and reforestation programmes like Compensatory Afforestation and
more recently the revamped National Mission on Green India in addition to
certain project-specific programmes like Project Tiger and Fire Management.
This is in addition to various state-sponsored programmes like ‘Telangana Ku
Haritha Haram’ of Telangana.
The
most significant reason, causing the continued degradation of forests in India
is grazing. It affects more than 75% of forest area, shifting cultivation and
encroachment over 10 m ha of forest area. This dependency and complexity of
livelihoods linked with forests has not only affected the progress of various
afforestation programmes but also continues to pose serious challenges for the
future growth of forests including their restoration.
As
a revised and upgraded version of forest restoration, Forest and Landscape
Restoration (FLR) is a mechanism that demands to bring together the people or
communities falling under a designated landscape to identify, negotiate and
implement the mutually agreed interventions for the betterment of the area. The
inclusion of landscape concept is more relevant and essential for developing
countries like India where we have millions of people depending on forests for
their livelihood.
Challenges in forest restoration
Many
challenges need to be suitably examined and studied to attain restoration
targets. Identification and availability of area is one of the major
challenges. In India, 41% of forests are already
degraded as per the National Forest Commission report from
2006. The open forests of the country with a density between 10% and 40%
have been increased from 2,49,930 sq. km (1991) to 3,07,120 sq. km (2021). There are no
definite guidelines or scientifically established norms regarding the selection
of areas for restoration. The availability of open forests and other categories
like scrub forests are again subject to their suitability and other parameters.
The lack of scientific benchmarks for the selection of degraded forests under
various Agro-climatic zones makes this task of area identification, tough.
Secondly,
India is home to 10 major types of forests which are being managed under varied
management and silviculture practices with extremities of climatic factors.
Nearly 5.03% of its geographical areas are
protected areas (PA) with an entirely different system of management. Until
recently, the major thrust in Indian forestry has been towards raising trees
for revenue or production forestry under various silvicultural systems with
more emphasis on tree planting as one of the restoration methods. Though there
is a lot of research done on restoration ecology, many of these findings and
recommendations are not fully suitable for India’s diverse habitats and more
specifically to altered ecosystems with specific local challenges. Hence, local
research especially those relating to natural regeneration of various species
including ecological aspects can act as a guiding tool for formulating
area-specific restoration approaches and methodologies.
Another
obstacle is the conflict of interest among stakeholders. There are many
stakeholders involved in executing restoration interventions ranging from
villagers to community leaders to government/non-government members to people
with social or political interests. For example, a villager may be more
interested in his/her livelihood goals; the community leader may favour the
equitable sharing of produce and similarly; the government may aim to accord
priority to the protection of area for environmental conservation. Negotiations
with a wide range of stakeholders for resolving conflicts are therefore a must
and a challenging feat to reach a suitable trade-off.
is
another concern in restoration projects. In countries like India, where there
are huge dependencies on forests for various purposes, there is a need for
adequate funds not only for the engagement of stakeholders and restoration
activities but also for costs of foregoing their livelihood activities like
grazing, unsustainable minor forest produce (MFP) collection, etc. Failure to
address these issues may lead to lacklustre participation of people and may
even hamper the success of the restoration initiatives. Further, high costs of
restoration pose a big challenge for scaling up and also may likely cause
indifference due to lack of interest among policymakers over some time. There
is a need to involve non-governmental organisations including corporations and
philanthropists to augment the efforts of the government. The recent initiative
of Telangana in creating a Green Fund for tree planting activities needs to be
replicated in other states.
Ecological
degradation and poverty are reciprocal. Out of the 21.9% population living
under the poverty line, nearly 275 million people depend on
the forest for subsistence. Poverty is linked with the
degradation of forests due to this dependence.
Lastly,
the concept and functioning of forest restoration is a complex and new approach that needs to be understood effectively not only by the government agencies but also by other people associated with it.
Opportunities to meet global targets
The
restoration approach with a focus on forest restoration and biodiversity
conservation provides an excellent opportunity to meet various targets and commitments
of India, under various platforms. Be it the restoration of 26 MHA lands under
the Bonn Challenge or an increase of forest cover over 5 MHA duly improving
another 5 million hectares of forest/non-forest lands under the Green India
Mission or various land-based activities under agro-forestry or for biofuel
purposes, effective strategies on restoration can help achieve these
objectives, and also provide enormous opportunities for livelihood enhancement
and socio-economic welfare of the rural population.
Apart
from the ongoing programmes for afforestation, many land-based programmes can
be integrated to address the funding challenges of considerably. Programmes
like MNREGA, Highway Plantations, Biodiversity Plans and funds from the state
governments including municipalities and panchayats can be effectively
integrated to tackle the restoration activities both inside and outside the
reserved forest areas in an inclusive manner. Also, the ongoing mandate of
spending 2% of the average net profit of all companies towards CSR activities
resulted in 24,689 crore rupees during
2019-20 and a considerable part of this amount can be utilised
for various restoration interventions.
In
the Indian context, the deep-rooted inequalities and challenges relating to
land rights, land tenure and land use planning have a direct bearing on the
success of the restoration. The various legal provisions relating to these
issues under existing acts like FRA, PESA, etc. seek for a comprehensive,
inclusive approach duly providing the much-needed redressal mechanism for these
challenges.
Forest
restoration has become one of the most favoured channels to mitigate the
challenges of climate change and a key instrument to achieve the net-zero target.
The country needs to reinforce its priority and bring much-needed policy
changes, adequate finances with an integrated and inclusive approach in the
forefront, duly involving multiple stakeholders including state governments.
Because
involving people is crucial for the success of any restoration
intervention, proactive policy decisions like those in Telangana can
provide much needed public support and the required platform for their participation
in the programme. The forest-dependent communities, being the major and
decisive stakeholders, need to be given importance not only by redressing their
core issues but also by providing them incentives and rewards for their
contribution to ameliorating the degraded landscapes of the country.
This article also appeared in Mongabay dated 2nd February 2022
https://india.mongabay.com/2022/02/commentary-forest-restoration-challenges-and-opportunities-for-india/