tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59292522037670743172024-02-19T14:36:32.827+05:30ANUBHOOTI:BLOG OF A FORESTERMohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.comBlogger52125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-18923937545636662562022-02-07T15:57:00.002+05:302022-02-07T15:57:23.126+05:30Forest restoration: challenges and opportunities for India<p> </p><ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #292b2c; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the UN
decade on Ecosystem Restoration, afforestation that does not consider
local factors and faulty planting in landscapes like savannahs which
causes loss to local biodiversity, are being replaced with better forest
restoration techniques.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #292b2c; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identification
and availability of area, lack of research with suitable strategies,
conflict of interest among stakeholders, poverty and financing are some of
the challenges in forest restoration for India, but there also exist
opportunities to meet many global targets.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #292b2c; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Forest-dependent
communities, as the most important and influential stakeholders, must be
included in decision-making. Their concerns must be addressed, and
incentives must be offered.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #292b2c; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The views
in this commentary are that of the author.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Forest
restoration is the act of bringing back a forest or landscape which has been
degraded or damaged by anthropogenic exploitation or natural factors, to its
original state. Forest restoration not only facilitates the recovery of
degraded forests and their various functions, but is also considered as one of
the best solutions to contribute to sustainable development by restoring the
ecological, economic and social functions and values of the forests.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
continued decline of global forests by 3% between 1990 and 2015 as per
the <a href="https://www.fao.org/policy-support/tools-and-publications/resources-details/en/c/1144279/"><span style="color: #45aae8; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">reports of FAO (2018)</span></a> has
also necessitated the need for increased forest protection and restoration. The
trend of adopting tree planting as a suitable strategy to fight global warming
owing to their ability to sequester carbon, thereby slowing climate change, is
being challenged by alternate postulations, as in many instances planting
without considering local factors and ecology may lead to negative consequences
and more damages to ecosystems than the intended benefits. Similarly, faulty
planting like <a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2021/05/bad-science-planting-frenzy-misses-the-grasslands-for-the-trees/"><span style="color: #45aae8; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">planting in grasslands like
savannahs may be disastrous,</span></a> causing loss of local biodiversity
and their survival.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2686-x"><span style="color: #45aae8; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">study from 2020</span></a> that
mapped the carbon accumulation potential from global natural forest regrowth,
stated that naturally regenerated forests tend to have nearly 32% more carbon
storage. These findings have led to a favourable tilt in the conservation
story, with more emphasis on forest restoration than tree planting. In this
decade (2021-2030) on Ecosystem Restoration as designated by the UN, it is
essential to employ new techniques of forest restoration. Restoration is now
widely accepted, and its features such as cost-effectiveness and the ability to
conserve more biodiversity make it a more suitable intervention than tree
planting. It is slowly gaining popularity among people and the governments.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transitioning from Afforestation to forest restoration</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Joining
the <a href="https://www.bonnchallenge.org/about"><span style="color: #45aae8; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bonn challenge in 2015</span></a> with a pledge to
restore 13 million hectares of degraded and deforested land by 2020, India
later revised its restoration target to 26 million hectares by 2030. Since
2011, India has also brought an area of <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2018-026-En.pdf"><span style="color: #45aae8; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">9.8 million hectares under
restoration</span></a>. However, as per <a href="https://www.wri.org/research/restoration-opportunities-atlas-india"><span style="color: #45aae8; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a report from World Resources Institute (WRI)</span></a>, India has nearly 140 million hectares of potential
for forest protection and landscape restoration that can sequester 3 to 4.3
billion tons of above-ground carbon by 2040. Considering the multiple benefits
of the restoration approach including enhanced biodiversity, ecosystem
services and livelihood needs of people, serious deliberations are on the cards
for a transition from afforestation to ecological restoration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
thrust of the Indian Government so far, has mainly been around various
afforestation and reforestation programmes like Compensatory Afforestation and
more recently the revamped National Mission on Green India in addition to
certain project-specific programmes like Project Tiger and Fire Management.
This is in addition to various state-sponsored programmes like ‘Telangana Ku
Haritha Haram’ of Telangana.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
most significant reason, causing the continued degradation of forests in India
is grazing. It affects more than 75% of forest area, shifting cultivation and
encroachment over 10 m ha of forest area. This dependency and complexity of
livelihoods linked with forests has not only affected the progress of various
afforestation programmes but also continues to pose serious challenges for the
future growth of forests including their restoration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As
a revised and upgraded version of forest restoration, Forest and Landscape
Restoration (FLR) is a mechanism that demands to bring together the people or
communities falling under a designated landscape to identify, negotiate and
implement the mutually agreed interventions for the betterment of the area. The
inclusion of landscape concept is more relevant and essential for developing
countries like India where we have millions of people depending on forests for
their livelihood.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Challenges in forest restoration</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many
challenges need to be suitably examined and studied to attain restoration
targets. Identification and availability of area is one of the major
challenges. In India, <a href="http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/redd-bk3.pdf"><span style="color: #45aae8; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">41% of forests are already
degraded</span></a> as per the National Forest Commission report from
2006. The open forests of the country with a density between 10% and 40%
have been increased from 2,49,930 sq. km (1991) to <a href="https://www.fsi.nic.in/forest-report-2021"><span style="color: #45aae8; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3,07,120 sq. km (2021).</span></a> There are no
definite guidelines or scientifically established norms regarding the selection
of areas for restoration. The availability of open forests and other categories
like scrub forests are again subject to their suitability and other parameters.
The lack of scientific benchmarks for the selection of degraded forests under
various Agro-climatic zones makes this task of area identification, tough.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secondly,
India is home to 10 major types of forests which are being managed under varied
management and silviculture practices with extremities of climatic factors.
Nearly <a href="http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/Database/Protected_Area_854.aspx"><span style="color: #45aae8; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5.03% of its geographical areas</span></a> are
protected areas (PA) with an entirely different system of management. Until
recently, the major thrust in Indian forestry has been towards raising trees
for revenue or production forestry under various silvicultural systems with
more emphasis on tree planting as one of the restoration methods. Though there
is a lot of research done on restoration ecology, many of these findings and
recommendations are not fully suitable for India’s diverse habitats and more
specifically to altered ecosystems with specific local challenges. Hence, local
research especially those relating to natural regeneration of various species
including ecological aspects can act as a guiding tool for formulating
area-specific restoration approaches and methodologies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another
obstacle is the conflict of interest among stakeholders. There are many
stakeholders involved in executing restoration interventions ranging from
villagers to community leaders to government/non-government members to people
with social or political interests. For example, a villager may be more
interested in his/her livelihood goals; the community leader may favour the
equitable sharing of produce and similarly; the government may aim to accord
priority to the protection of area for environmental conservation. Negotiations
with a wide range of stakeholders for resolving conflicts are therefore a must
and a challenging feat to reach a suitable trade-off.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is
another concern in restoration projects. In countries like India, where there
are huge dependencies on forests for various purposes, there is a need for
adequate funds not only for the engagement of stakeholders and restoration
activities but also for costs of foregoing their livelihood activities like
grazing, unsustainable minor forest produce (MFP) collection, etc. Failure to
address these issues may lead to lacklustre participation of people and may
even hamper the success of the restoration initiatives. Further, high costs of
restoration pose a big challenge for scaling up and also may likely cause
indifference due to lack of interest among policymakers over some time. There
is a need to involve non-governmental organisations including corporations and
philanthropists to augment the efforts of the government. The recent initiative
of Telangana in creating a Green Fund for tree planting activities needs to be
replicated in other states.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ecological
degradation and poverty are reciprocal. Out of the 21.9% population living
under the poverty line, nearly <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/poverty-is-ecological-we-must-accept-income-poverty-is-the-wrong-yardstick-73841"><span style="color: #45aae8; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">275 million people depend on
the forest</span></a> for subsistence. Poverty is linked with the
degradation of forests due to this dependence.</span><b><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lastly,
the concept and functioning of forest restoration is a complex and new approach that needs to be understood effectively not only by the government agencies but also by other people associated with it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Opportunities to meet global targets </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
restoration approach with a focus on forest restoration and biodiversity
conservation provides an excellent opportunity to meet various targets and commitments
of India, under various platforms. Be it the restoration of 26 MHA lands under
the Bonn Challenge or an increase of forest cover over 5 MHA duly improving
another 5 million hectares of forest/non-forest lands under the Green India
Mission or various land-based activities under agro-forestry or for biofuel
purposes, effective strategies on restoration can help achieve these
objectives, and also provide enormous opportunities for livelihood enhancement
and socio-economic welfare of the rural population.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apart
from the ongoing programmes for afforestation, many land-based programmes can
be integrated to address the funding challenges of considerably. Programmes
like MNREGA, Highway Plantations, Biodiversity Plans and funds from the state
governments including municipalities and panchayats can be effectively
integrated to tackle the restoration activities both inside and outside the
reserved forest areas in an inclusive manner. Also, the ongoing mandate of
spending 2% of the average net profit of all companies towards CSR activities
resulted in <a href="https://csr.gov.in/index20.php"><span style="color: #45aae8; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">24,689 crore rupees during
2019-20 </span></a>and a considerable part of this amount can be utilised
for various restoration interventions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
the Indian context, the deep-rooted inequalities and challenges relating to
land rights, land tenure and land use planning have a direct bearing on the
success of the restoration. The various legal provisions relating to these
issues under existing acts like FRA, PESA, etc. seek for a comprehensive,
inclusive approach duly providing the much-needed redressal mechanism for these
challenges.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Forest
restoration has become one of the most favoured channels to mitigate the
challenges of climate change and a key instrument to achieve the net-zero target.
The country needs to reinforce its priority and bring much-needed policy
changes, adequate finances with an integrated and inclusive approach in the
forefront, duly involving multiple stakeholders including state governments.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Because
involving people is crucial for the success of any restoration
intervention, proactive policy decisions like those in Telangana can
provide much needed public support and the required platform for their participation
in the programme. The forest-dependent communities, being the major and
decisive stakeholders, need to be given importance not only by redressing their
core issues but also by providing them incentives and rewards for their
contribution to ameliorating the degraded landscapes of the country.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This article also appeared in Mongabay dated 2nd February 2022</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16.6667px;">https://india.mongabay.com/2022/02/commentary-forest-restoration-challenges-and-opportunities-for-india/</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #292b2c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-58269712306265082882022-02-07T15:49:00.005+05:302022-02-07T15:49:51.469+05:30The baton of forest restoration in the net zero race<p> <b><span style="color: #133b5a; font-family: Arial, "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">For
carbon sequestration, India must revisit its policy framework and reverse
fading participation of local communities</span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">India’s pledge to set a
net zero target by 2070, at the COP26 summit, Glasgow, has again highlighted
the importance of forests as an undisputed mechanism to help mitigate the
challenges of climate change. Though, in more specific terms, this was already
highlighted during the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCC) framework (2013) of REDD+ for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation, along with the ‘sustainable management of forests for the
conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks’. In a study by Griscom
(2017), land-based sinks (natural climate solutions which also include forests)
can provide up to 37% of emission reduction and help in keeping the global
temperature below 2° C. Further, recent research has favoured a natural
regeneration model of restoration over the existing much-hyped mode of tree
planting as such forests are said to secure nearly 32% carbon storage, as per
one report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 17.3pt; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #133b5a; font-family: Arial, "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Continued
degradation<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Though India is said to
have increased its forest cover by 15,000 square kilometres in the last six
years, the degradation of existing forests continues. As per the State of
Forests Report (1989), the country had 2,57,409 sq.km (7.83% of its
geographical area) under the open forest category, having a density of 10% to
less than 40%. However, in 30 years (2019) this has been increased to 3,04,499
sq.km (9.26%). This means every year on average, nearly 1.57 lakh hectare of
forests was degraded. This degradation highlights the presence of anthropogenic
pressures including encroachment, grazing, fire, which our forests are
subjected to. Having diverted nearly 1.5 million hectares of forests since 1980
for developmental activities and losing nearly 1.48 million hectares of forests
to encroachers coupled with an intricate link between poverty and unemployment,
India is witnessing enormous degradation of forests and deforestation. This
warrants the participation of people as an essential and effective route to
achieve the desired target of carbon sequestration through the restoration of
forests.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 17.3pt; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #133b5a; font-family: Arial, "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Terms
of engagement<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">In a historic departure
from pursuing commercial objectives to supporting the needs of people in a
participatory manner (as envisaged in National Forest Policy, 1988), India made
its attempt, in 1990, to engage local communities in a partnership mode while
protecting and managing forests and restoring wastelands with the concept of
care and share. This concept of joint forest management spelt much hope for
States and forest-fringe communities. Later, the concept of forest development
agencies was introduced to consolidate the efforts in an autonomous model,
which paved the way for fund flow from various other sources to joint forest
management committees. The efforts to make this participatory approach
operative resulted in the formation of nearly 1.18 lakh joint forest management
committees managing over 25 million hectares of forest area. Most of these
became active and operative while implementing various projects financed by
external agencies such as the World Bank, the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund
(OECF) Japan, the Department for International Development (DFID) United
Kingdom and the European Union (EU). The similar system of joint management in
the case of national parks, sanctuaries and tiger reserves which existed in the
name of eco-development committees initially proved effective as it could
garner the support of these participating communities not only for the
protection and development of biodiversity but also in the considerable
reduction in man-animal conflicts and the protection of forests from fires and
grazing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">However, the completion
of the project period and lack of subsequent funding affected their
functionality and also the protection of forests due to a lack of support from
participating local communities including associated non-governmental
organisations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Except for the National
Mission for Green India, in all other centrally sponsored programmes such as
Project Tiger, fire management, Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats
(IDWH) including the Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning
Authority (CAMPA), the lack of priority and policy support to ensure the
participation of local communities via the institutions of joint forest
management committees slowly made their participation customary. This caused a
gradual decline in their effectiveness.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 17.3pt; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #133b5a; font-family: Arial, "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Changed
role now<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">The role of local
institutions of gram panchayat or joint forest management committees is now
restricted to be a consultative institution instead of being partners in
planning and implementation. This indifference and alienation from the
participatory planning and implementation of various schemes further affects
the harmony between Forest Departments and communities, endangering the
protection of forests. This is more relevant while taking up restoration
activities including tree planting outside the designated forest areas where
motivation and encouragement of stakeholders (especially panchayats and urban
local bodies) are crucial.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">As committed at Glasgow,
India will have to ‘focus much more on climate change and devise strategies and
programmes to achieve the net zero target’. Besides reducing the quantum of
emissions in a phased manner — itself full of challenges — the approaches for
carbon storage and offsetting through natural sinks such as forests need to be
given equal priority.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 17.3pt; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #133b5a; font-family: Arial, "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Replicate
Telangana model<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">To achieve net zero
targets there is a need to revisit our existing legal and policy mechanisms,
incentivise the local communities appropriately and ensure fund flow for
restoration interventions, duly providing for the adequate participation of
local people in planning and implementation through local institutions.
Political priority and appropriate policy interventions (as done recently in
Telangana by amending the panchayat and municipal acts for environmental
concerns and creating a provision for a Green Fund, or Telangana Haritha Nidhi,
for tree planting and related activities) need replication in other States.
These should be supported by enabling financial and institutional support
mechanisms and negotiations with stakeholders to incentivise local communities
to boost efforts to conserve and develop forest resources. Though India did not
become a signatory of the Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forests and Land Use,
the considerations of land tenure and the forest rights of participatory
communities with accelerated finances will help aid steps in the race toward
net zero. This inclusive approach with political prioritisation will not only
help reduce emissions but also help to conserve and increase ‘our forest cover’
to ‘a third of our total area’. It will also protect our once rich and precious
biological diversity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">This article appeared in the Hindu dated 8th January 2022</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;">https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-baton-of-forest-restoration-in-the-net-zero-race/article38179497.ece</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 23.3333px;"><br /></span></span></p>Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-7990347196641984402022-02-07T15:45:00.001+05:302022-02-07T15:45:44.499+05:30Taproots to help restore India’s fading green cover<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <b><span style="color: #133b5a; font-family: Arial, "sans-serif";">In
forest restoration, the participation of local communities and adequate
financing and incentives are essential</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #133b5a; font-family: Arial, "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Covering nearly 30% land
surface of the earth, forests around the globe provide a wide variety of
ecosystem services and support countless and diverse species. They also
stabilise the climate, sequester carbon and regulate the water regime. The
State of the World’s Forests report 2020, says that since 1990, around 420
million hectares of forest have been lost through deforestation, conversion and
land degradation. Nearly 178 million hectares have decreased globally due to
deforestation (1990-2020). India lost 4.69 MHA of its forests for various land
uses between 1951 to 1995.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Despite various
international conventions and national policies in place to improve green
cover, there is a decline in global forest cover. This is the prime reason for
forest restoration activities including tree planting to become increasingly
popular and declaring 2021-2030 as the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration for
improving environmental conditions and enhancing human communities.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Restoration in laymen’s
terms is bringing back the degraded or deforested landscape to its original
state by various interventions to enable them to deliver all the benefits.
Building and maintaining activities help to improve ecological functions, productivity
and create resilient forests with multifarious capabilities. India’s varied
edaphic, climatic and topographic conditions are spread over 10
bio-geographical regions and four biodiversity hotspots, sheltering 8% of the
world’s known flora and fauna.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">However, dependence on
forests by nearly 18% of the global human population has put immense pressure
on ecosystems; in India, this has resulted in the degradation of 41% of its
forests. To combat this, India joined the Bonn Challenge with a pledge to restore
21 MHA of degraded and deforested land which was later revised to 26 MHA to be
restored by 2030. The first-ever country progress report under the Bonn
Challenge submitted by India by bringing 9.8 million hectares since 2011 under
restoration is an achievement. However, continued degradation and deforestation
need to be tackled effectively to achieve the remaining target of restoration
by addressing various challenges.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 17.3pt; mso-outline-level: 2; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><b><span style="color: #133b5a; font-family: Arial, "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Key
challenges<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Local ecology with a
research base: forest restoration and tree planting are leading strategies to
fight global warming by way of carbon sequestration. However, planting without
considering the local ecology can result in more damage. Similarly, planting a
forest in the wrong places such as savannah grasslands could be disastrous for
local biodiversity. Luckily recent research has shown that naturally
regenerated forests tend to have more secure carbon storage. Being less
tech-sensitive, cost-effective and conserving more biodiversity, natural forest
restoration is becoming more widely accepted. However, it is fundamental to
consider the local ecology before implementing any restoration efforts to
retain their biodiversity and ecosystem functions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Restoration, being a
scientific activity, needs research support for its success. Whether one goes
for active restoration which includes planting or passive restoration with more
focus on halting environmental stressors or adopting an intermediate approach
of aided natural regeneration, it needs critical examination before putting
restoration interventions into practice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 17.3pt; mso-outline-level: 2; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><b><span style="color: #133b5a; font-family: Arial, "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Situation
in India<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nearly 5.03% of Indian
forests are under protection area (PA) management needing specific restoration
strategies. The remaining areas witness a range of disturbances including
grazing, encroachment, fire, and climate change impacts that need area-specific
considerations. Further, much of the research done so far on restoration is not
fully compatible with India’s diverse ecological habitats hence warranting due
consideration of local factors. So, the relevance of local research duly
considering ecological aspects, local disturbances and forest-dependent
communities is vital to formulate guidelines for locally suitable interventions
and to meet India’s global commitment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Though India’s increasing
economic growth is helping to eliminate poverty, there is continued degradation
and a growing scarcity of natural resources. The intricate link between poverty
and environmental degradation was first highlighted by India at the first UN
global conference on the human environment in Stockholm. Out of its 21.9%
population living under the poverty line, nearly 275 million people including
local tribals depend on the forest for subsistence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 17.3pt; mso-outline-level: 2; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><b><span style="color: #133b5a; font-family: Arial, "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fundamental
to the strategy<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Further, encroachment of
nearly 1.48 MHA of forest and grazing in nearly 75% of forest area is also
linked to the livelihood of local communities. Linked with the degradation of
forests, this dependency, along with various social-political and economic
factors, complicates the issue manifold. The participation of local communities
with finances for incentives and rewards is essential to redress this complex
riddle.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">There have been
remarkable initiatives to involve local people in the protection and
development of forests by forming joint forest management committees (JFMC).
More than 1,18,213 JFMCs involving around 20 million people manage over 25 MHA
of forest area.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">However, a review of
their functionality and performance is essential to make them more dynamic and
effective to scale up their involvement.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Therefore, negotiations
with a wide range of stakeholders including these committees for resolving
conflicts and fulfilling restoration objectives are a must and a challenging
feat to reach a suitable trade-off.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Adequate financing is one
of the major concerns for the success of any interventions including
restoration. The active approach of restoration which includes tree planting
and the involvement of communities seeks incentives and rewards and make the
whole affair quite cost-intensive. The contribution of corporates in
restoration efforts so far has been limited to 2% of the total achievement.
Hence, alternate ways of financing such as involving corporates and dovetailing
restoration activities with ongoing land-based programmes of various
departments can help to make it easy for operation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Apart from these specific
challenges, the common barriers to restoration as identified globally also need
critical review before placing the <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">required methodologies
and area-specific strategies in place. The involvement of multiple stakeholders
in forest restoration is bound to cause a conflict of interests among different
stakeholders; along with low priority and insufficient funding, it becomes even
more challenging.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">Active engagement of
stakeholders including non-governmental organisations, awareness and capacity
building of stakeholders with enabling policy interventions and finance can
help a lot to achieve the remaining 16 MHA restoration objectives for India.
The need of the hour is an inclusive approach encompassing these concerns with
the required wherewithal<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">This article appeared in the Hindu dated 5th October 2021</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;">https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/taproots-to-help-restore-indias-fading-green-cover/article36830630.ece</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 24.95pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 23.3333px;"><br /></span></span></p>Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-67908481212394688902022-02-07T15:38:00.004+05:302022-06-22T12:30:18.401+05:30Plantation Is An Art & Science, Much More Than Branding & Records<br /><p><br /></p><div class="author-tags" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: #464546; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; flex: 1 0 auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif, "Lohit Devanagri"; font-size: 20px; margin: 1rem 0px 2rem; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9mrdT4EO4spv394vm5r0EYY_gGDmFCdVwMebIp8h-8uhMj3oqPljvwgaLlJR6XmA30KTM6xkmEPQ7sUQByNczNcCRPkd5mWiKEfMrKUqJZ6gIt__XanLHB2drE6wjlH__ZQxrqIXYrWKPmiRE4-N-MRthfV4KyQ08PcaFS5ADfKunYefMArUHtRgx=s1024" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9mrdT4EO4spv394vm5r0EYY_gGDmFCdVwMebIp8h-8uhMj3oqPljvwgaLlJR6XmA30KTM6xkmEPQ7sUQByNczNcCRPkd5mWiKEfMrKUqJZ6gIt__XanLHB2drE6wjlH__ZQxrqIXYrWKPmiRE4-N-MRthfV4KyQ08PcaFS5ADfKunYefMArUHtRgx=w320-h294" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="author-date" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; flex: 1 0 auto;"><br /></div><div class="author-date" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; flex: 1 0 auto; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="author-date" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; flex: 1 0 auto;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjcPtzWTT0dVfyu8ryOAuA4AaZ1shUaN_WR2bvHdXhBOLvUywpXLFDUgfVbM4zo97NxGbd3FbBI8VoKesNPYtS6vs6xnSEP1tVJHjj6l3nutjzTeqb6QehRrK9zjAdUWk2ED1BQuAvtQRD-IgEtHQKkZ7g5KIMg1Pl1bvvnJt5jQueHPFpfUaC9lWFe=s831" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="831" data-original-width="623" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjcPtzWTT0dVfyu8ryOAuA4AaZ1shUaN_WR2bvHdXhBOLvUywpXLFDUgfVbM4zo97NxGbd3FbBI8VoKesNPYtS6vs6xnSEP1tVJHjj6l3nutjzTeqb6QehRrK9zjAdUWk2ED1BQuAvtQRD-IgEtHQKkZ7g5KIMg1Pl1bvvnJt5jQueHPFpfUaC9lWFe=w320-h308" width="320" /></a></div></div></div><section style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: #464546; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif, "Lohit Devanagri"; font-size: 20px; text-align: justify;"><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"> </div><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-e0fbc868-7fff-2141-7fe6-6eeb82c9095a" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘When you plant a tree, you plant a legacy’, noted journalist Pepper Provenzano has said once. </span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Trees, being the most essential for the life of not only human beings but all the living creatures of this planet, also act as an important link between the past, present and future. The existence of species including humans is not possible without plants hence they are the lifeline and base for the survival of man.</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tree planting is undoubtedly one of the best and cheapest ways to sequester carbon from the atmosphere besides supporting and sustaining biodiversity and controlling other climate change-induced repercussions thereby having the mind-blowing potential to tackle the climate crisis and environmental challenges and disasters.</span></p></b><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /></div><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-78939c66-7fff-f43e-df3f-9329fef24ca3" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Of late there have been launching massive tree-planting projects across the globe driven by political or environmental conscientiousness with impressive numbers running into millions and billions. Be it the Bonn Challenge (2011) to commit to restoring 150 MHA of degraded forests or Billion Tree Tsunami (2014) of Pakistan or China’s Great Green Wall to tackle 35 million hectares or Ethiopia’s planting of 350 million saplings or recent One Trillion Tree project of the World Economic Forum (WEF), tree planting is being chosen as the best natural climate solution to capture carbon and tackle the climate crisis.</span></p></b><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><b id="docs-internal-guid-ce3063f2-7fff-aee7-2d13-11a23ac6c87c" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Despite this magnificent role being played by the trees in mitigating environmental challenges, one needs to tread cautiously as any omission in the selection of place or species without considering local factors and ecology may lead to negative consequences and more damages to ecosystems than the intended benefits. </span></b></div><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"> </div><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-ad6b5ce5-7fff-97d1-86dd-58ed8b686861" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The best example of this is planting seedlings in grassland like Savannas which may be disastrous causing loss of biodiversity and extinction of typical residents like the Great Indian bustard, blackbucks, giraffe, etc. <br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><b id="docs-internal-guid-303dbbd9-7fff-b796-8d70-cb0b8f7b42ae" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-303dbbd9-7fff-b796-8d70-cb0b8f7b42ae" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><b id="docs-internal-guid-0bff35df-7fff-065a-5a3b-674788576969" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"></b></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-303dbbd9-7fff-b796-8d70-cb0b8f7b42ae" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-0bff35df-7fff-065a-5a3b-674788576969" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Records” of plantations turned futile </span></b></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-303dbbd9-7fff-b796-8d70-cb0b8f7b42ae" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-0bff35df-7fff-065a-5a3b-674788576969" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /></b></b></p><b id="docs-internal-guid-303dbbd9-7fff-b796-8d70-cb0b8f7b42ae" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">With the planting targets running into billions across the globe and even creating a world record like one made by Turkey (2019) for the most trees planted (303,150) in one hour and another one made by Ken Chaplin (Canada) in 2001 for planting the most number of trees 15,170 red pine in one day by the individual, many of such projects have failed to meet the anticipated objectives of tree planting projects or have been partially successful even after spending millions of dollars. </span><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There have been reports of failure of these drives due to various reasons like being planted “not by experts” and “at the wrong time” as witnessed in Turkey during 2019 with nearly 90 % mortality. </span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One section of people even considers launching such planting drives as a means to rebrand themselves or divert the public attention from pressing environmental issues. Even the prestigious tree planting program of China was beset by problems due to poor planning, unrealistic demands, and a poor understanding of tree planting. Had these projects achieved their targets, we would have improved the forest cover significantly but unfortunately, this is not the scene. </span></p></b><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"></p></b></div><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"> </div><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-8bda4d27-7fff-aff2-ea5e-e297cbf83f0e" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As any plants, especially forestry species take a long time to grow with continued post-planting care, the usual Plant and grow approach of the majority of such drives without ensuring resources and mechanism for post-planting care results in failure. </span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The thorough analysis of objectives, planning, implementation, stakeholders' role, involvement of communities, and continuity of maintenance and monitoring are crucial factors that need critical analysis before launching any tree planting drive and making it successful. </span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Crucial Factors </span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tree planting is an art and science that attempts to replicate the capacity of nature to respond and react to existing conditions. Any attempt with a lackadaisical attitude and failure to take the required step is bound to get reflected in the success of tree planting. </span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A study conducted by Dr. Kate Hardwick of Royal Botanical Garden Kew stated that planting the wrong trees in the wrong place one will do more harm than good. The umpteen combinations of scientific factors, soils, climate, local terrain coupled with social, economic, and administrative factors play a decisive role in the success of tree planting.</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So one must examine and consider these factors carefully before launching a tree-planting project.</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.Choice of species</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Selecting the right species based on the local need (aesthetics or landscape or conservation or fruit-bearing for livelihood) and suitability to local site conditions is the most desired aspect for the quick success of plantation and the betterment of biodiversity conservation. In case of involvement of communities or other stakeholders, their consent should be given due consideration to the extent possible for better post-planting care and survival.</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.Planting location or site</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The selection of an appropriate site for planting depends upon various factors like purpose of planting, soils, drainage, moisture, etc. It’s better to check and confirm whether the species you have decided to plant suits the proposed location or not?</span></p></b><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /></div><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-ec0d6621-7fff-7cb2-dab8-9b3047cac9dd" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.Pre-planting activities </span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Another very crucial factor (also sometimes called land preparation in forestry terms) involves executing a series of operations that are essential to make the area suitable for tree planting in all aspects. The list of activities includes site selection, arranging men and machines, timely availability of finance, preparation of soil and digging pits, etc. </span></p></b></div><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"> Figure: 1</div><div class="blockimage-container" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 900px;"><br /><div class="blockimage-caption" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; align-self: center; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, "Lohit Devanagri"; font-size: 0.9rem; text-align: center; width: 900px;"><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"> </div></div></div><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"> </div><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-81a59e7e-7fff-d736-379b-ea35b589ec2d" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Quality seedling (As you sow, so you reap):</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Productivity and survival of plantations are related to the quality of seedlings used which outperform the poor quality seedlings in all aspects. The features like good height, well-developed root system, well-grown collar, good foliage etc. are few traits apart from the genetic material of a quality seedling.</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Timing</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Whether it's fall or spring, there are different opinions with their supportive reasons, the role of timely planting is very crucial for the establishment of trees. </span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The fall planting facilitates utilization of less watering, cool temperature and short bright days making it more attractive than the spring planting where we have the entire growing season for the establishment of the plant. </span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The south Asian countries however prefer June or July for their planting which coincides with the onset of monsoon and helps plants in a quick establishment. Whatever time is chosen, the key to success is to stick to that planting time to get the most of the prevailing season and conditions for a quality result.</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Method</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A much technical aspect that requires more professional guidance to take care of things like the size of the pit, time of digging pit, method of planting, refilling of soil, stakes, etc the technique also needs equal attention.</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. External factors</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Once you have planted the seedling there are many external factors including environmental factors like light, weather, soil type, water, humidity, etc. which equally influence the growth of plants if not attended to with sincerity. Issues of consultation of local communities with due regards to their customary rights and management regimes also become very relevant for the success of tree planting involving huge numbers and people.</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.Protection of plants</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Protection of plants is more relevant where the mass scale planting is undertaken. The man-made reasons like deliberate damage or damage due to negligence and also by the animals in the form of grazing and browsing if not taken care of with suitable measures cause irreparable damage to growing plants. Protection from natural factors like frost, fire, etc also warrants equal attention for suitable protection.</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. Post-planting care</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The maintenance of plants like watering, mulching, grooming (tending), soil-improving measures, weed removal, application of fertilizers, etc plays a considerable role in the growth of plants.</span></p><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The above list is not exhaustive as there are other factors like availability of funds, involvement of communities/stakeholders, the attitude of people involved, proper monitoring and supervision, etc, and many more which may be area-specific hence demand attention accordingly. </span></p></b><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /></div><div class="create-blog-textbox" contenteditable="false" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-7849b7c5-7fff-bd81-42f4-b60e3506935a" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">However, for the above factors in one survey conducted with the staff of Telangana Forest Department India, where the participants were asked to accord weightage on a scale of 0-10 to above important factors, factors like quality seedlings, choice of species, protection of plants and time of planting got more than 50% weightage thereby indicating them to be most influential for the success of any tree planting drive. </span></p></b></div></section><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEisPZSyUa40Ma8yYRK-5U0tNBmRbXAJYgdNJa-987nKBwt3-AuTk2vfbGwSsRkNnnLNw8haL5yLrHgJ2V9dggmFHxYPI5jWPeTTALLZImIm4dqwb1Jb6QpCFqn3cAkKS6HD8ww2nRs7ej3akad-FPoK_cwBpGG7AIMKXVaeY4PnFci5gPVKAEdJwCRa=s1222" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="1222" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEisPZSyUa40Ma8yYRK-5U0tNBmRbXAJYgdNJa-987nKBwt3-AuTk2vfbGwSsRkNnnLNw8haL5yLrHgJ2V9dggmFHxYPI5jWPeTTALLZImIm4dqwb1Jb6QpCFqn3cAkKS6HD8ww2nRs7ej3akad-FPoK_cwBpGG7AIMKXVaeY4PnFci5gPVKAEdJwCRa=w540-h158" width="540" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>This article was also appeared <div>https://thedialogue.co.in/article/YD6gJ1hYNUiguXIGRee5/plantation-is-an-art--science-much-more-than-branding--records dated 5th June 2021</div>Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-36182629955503594152021-07-14T20:36:00.001+05:302021-07-14T20:36:35.175+05:30TS govt adopting innovative, inclusive green practices<p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The recent devastating spread of pandemics coupled with biodiversity loss and climate change has reminded mankind to introspect its broken linkages with nature. The physical and mental well-being and capacity to counter the climate change challenges is therefore closely associated with the health of nature</p><div class="ads" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: "Fira Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 30px auto; min-height: 1px; width: 300px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3776126485030538" data-ad-slot="1976569726" data-ad-status="unfilled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" data-overlap-observer-io="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 300px;"><ins aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_2_expand" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement"><ins id="aswift_2_anchor" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; 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border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 300px;" vspace="0" width="300"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">As per the 2011 census, though the urban population of Telangana is 1.36 crore (38.9 per cent) it has grown by 38.12 per cent in comparison to the rural population growth of 2.13 per cent indicating the prevalence of very high rural-to-urban migration. An increase in the number of panchayats in the state from 8846 (2014) to 12768 (2021) is also testimony to this rapid pace of urbanisation. Coupled with burgeoning needs of development and individual greed, this has same time resulted in depletion and degradation of natural resources like tree cover, water bodies, community land etc at a greater pace.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">For a civilised society, protecting nature either by preventing it from being destroyed or by way of bringing it back to cities and towns is the need of the hour for overall sustainability. This has necessitated the need of exploring various mechanisms to manage existing nature and also to replenish the damaged environmental resources.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">As climate change is one of the major drivers of degradation of natural resources, environmentalists and foresters advocate tree planting as well as rejuvenation approaches as low-cost, easy to adopt and a high-impact intervention to restore nature and rejuvenate degraded forests and biodiversity and sequester carbon as well.</p><div class="ads" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: "Fira Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 30px auto; min-height: 1px; width: 300px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3776126485030538" data-ad-slot="4842406218" data-ad-status="unfilled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" data-overlap-observer-io="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 300px;" vspace="0" width="300"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Acknowledging the multifarious role of environmental conservation including the green cover, Telangana Government launched Telangana Ku Haritha Haram (Green Garland to Telangana) in 2015 as one of the flagship programmes. The main object of the programme was bringing green cover from 24 per cent to 33 per cent duly formulating strategies to tackle the challenges of environmental conservation and protection with the participation of all active stakeholders.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">As creating green space outside notified forest area warrants active participation of people for the success of environmental conservation, an enabling environment was created by the state of Telangana for the first time by bringing historic amendments to existing Panchayat and Municipal acts. These policy changes ensured active roles and responsibilities among panchayats and municipalities for planting and protection of trees, their survival (85 per cent) and provision for the green fund thus reflecting strong political will with care and concern for the much-neglected sector of the environment.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The recently adopted approach of integrated development of villages and urban areas of the state under the banner of Palle Pragathi (Village Development ) and Pattana Pragathi (Town Development ) respectively now has become an excellent platform to fulfil the much-needed demand of environmental conservation including tree planting as one of the major components.</p><div class="ads" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: "Fira Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 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style="border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 300px;" vspace="0" width="300"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The core concept behind this inclusive approach of Palle Pragathi and Pattana Pragathi is to take up the developmental activities in the areas of health, sanitation, waste management, energy conservation, community infrastructure, environmental conservation including tree planting and environmental awareness duly involving all stakeholders for effective participation.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">To increase green cover in all 12769 gram panchayats of the state, mini-park–cum-forests (Prukriti Vanams) are being developed in each village depending upon the availability of lands to ensure the green cover availability for villagers. Besides planting trees in blanks lands various institutions like schools, colleges, government offices, houses of individuals including agricultural lands are being taken up for planting.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Adding more strength to the ongoing mission of increasing greenery in villages, the government has recently decided to develop Bruhat Palle Prikriti Vanam (BPPV) in all the 540 mandals of the state. Spreading over nearly 10 acres of land, the major activity under Brihad Palle Prukriti Vanam is to take up tree planting under Yadadri Model (Modified Miyawaki method).</p><div class="ads" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: "Fira Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 30px auto; min-height: 1px; width: 300px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3776126485030538" data-ad-slot="4842406218" data-ad-status="unfilled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" data-overlap-observer-io="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 300px;"><ins aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_7_expand" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement"><ins id="aswift_7_anchor" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; 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border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 300px;" vspace="0" width="300"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">One of the major environmental concerns in the urbanized world is the degraded environmental conditions affecting the health and psychological well being of citizens which are getting impaired day by day. To meet this challenge of degrading the environment, the Government has identified 109 locations across the state for developing urban parks covering 30377 hectares.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Fulfilling the long term goals of climate resilience and ecosystem services to citizens, 53 urban parks are completed and opened for the public. The remaining 56 urban parks are getting much focus for their development and priority under the ongoing “Pattana Pragathi” programme. Ultimately with these interventions, these urban parks are turning into excellent nature-based solutions for counteracting the challenges of climate change and other benefits to the citizen. The participation of active stakeholders under the Pattana Pragathi is helping to bring much-needed resiliency and sustainability to our cities.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The specific approaches and interventions of the government are generating opportunities for the urban and village communities not only to develop green spaces but also to protect and maintain the natural environment of the local area. Further various initiatives in the area of health, sanitation and employment generation under integrated manner are helping the communities to connect with nature and assisting them to fulfill a range of social, psychological, economic and environmental benefits.</p><div class="ads" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: "Fira Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 30px auto; min-height: 1px; width: 300px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3776126485030538" data-ad-slot="4842406218" data-ad-status="unfilled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" data-overlap-observer-io="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 300px;"><ins aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_8_expand" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement"><ins id="aswift_8_anchor" style="background-color: transparent; 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border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 300px;" vspace="0" width="300"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The innovative and inclusive approaches of Palle Pragathi and Pattana Pragathi are bringing the development and the environment together to ensure a balanced and sustainable model of village and urban development which is worth emulating the model of development of the Telangana government. It is expected that this model of partnership with people will usher in a new era of equitable socio-economic development with environmental conservation for the benefits of all including posterity.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">This article was appeared in The Hans India dated 11th July 2021 at the following link </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="color: #303030; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px;">https://epaper.thehansindia.com/Home/ArticleView?eid=3&edate=11/07/2021&pgid=40525</span></span></p>Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-25087093112856433652021-07-05T15:59:00.004+05:302021-07-05T15:59:41.824+05:30Forests facing a double whammy <p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Forests
are considered the best solutions for sequestering carbon and also acts as a
stabilising force for the climate by regulating ecosystems, protect
biodiversity, maintain the carbon cycle and support livelihood. <a href="https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/forests-and-climate-change#:~:text=Forests%20are%20a%20stabilising%20force,that%20can%20drive%20sustainable%20growth.&text=Increasing%20and%20maintaining%20forests%20is%20therefore%20an%20essential%20solution%20to%20climate%20change."><span style="color: black;">Acting two-fold in climate change</span></a>, forests act
as a cause and also a solution for greenhouse gas emissions. Deforestation and
forest degradation contribute to nearly half of the emissions coming from the land
sector accounting for 25 % of the global emissions. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deforestation
and degradation of forests is considered a serious environmental challenge and
the biggest threat to our planet especially in the developing countries having
the problem of poverty. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every year nearly <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>18.7 million hectares of forests are
destructed globally for various anthropogenic considerations including developmental
needs. As per one estimate, 5.7 million hectares of forest land in India have
been used for non-forestry purposes since independence. While nearly 75% of
forests are subjected to grazing, another 10 MHA is affected by encroachment thereby
increasing the degradation of forests besides affecting their productivity and
regenerative capacity. <a href="http://www.fao.org/state-of-forests/en/">State
of the World’s Forest Report <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2020</a> estimates
the loss of 420 million hectares of forest through conversion to other land
uses since 1990 and the reduction of 178 million hectares of forests has
decreased globally due to deforestation. The recently established origin of
infectious zoonotic diseases like COVID-19 is also being linked to habitat loss
due to degradation and deforestation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The global
recognition of forests as the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">most suitable and effective weapons
to fight climate change </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">was acknowledged during 2005 at <span style="background: white;">the United </span>Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCC) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>followed by the
creation of REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)
a collaborative programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) in 2008<span style="background: white;">. REDD programme was followed by</span> the <a href="http://www.bonnchallenge.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">Bonn</span></a> <a href="http://www.bonnchallenge.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">Challenge</span></a>,
launched by Germany and the <a href="https://www.iucn.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">International Union for Conservation of Nature</span></a>(IUCN)
in 2011 for restoring 150 million hectares of deforested and degraded land by
2020 and 350 million hectares by 2030.<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00122-z"> The Paris Climate
accord 2015</a> gave a big boost to forests when all countries’ committed to offsetting
their carbon emissions from fossil-fuel use and other sources by planting or
protecting forests. The recent decision of the United Nations to declare
2021-30 <span style="background: white; letter-spacing: .15pt;">as the </span><a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1076382"><span style="background: white; color: black; letter-spacing: .15pt;">UN decade on Ecosystem Restoration and
targeting nearly 350 million hectare</span></a><span style="background: white; letter-spacing: .15pt;">s of degraded land by 2030 for restoration is also a
step ahead to acknowledge the importance and role of forests.</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; color: black; letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Under the Paris agreement,
</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-48884165"><span style="background: white; letter-spacing: .15pt;">India has pledged to increase its
forests by 95 million hectares by 2030</span></a><span style="background: white; color: black; letter-spacing: .15pt;"> and committed to </span><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-raises-indias-target-to-restore-degraded-land-to-26-million-hectares/article29378676.ece"><span style="background: white; letter-spacing: .15pt;">restoring 26 million hectares
degraded land by 2030</span></a><span style="background: white; color: black; letter-spacing: .15pt;">. </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 150%;">The most intriguing part of forests
degradation is that while on one side the forest degradation and deforestation are
responsible for climate change but on the other side the consequences of
climate change also impair the growth and survival of existing forests and
contribute to their degradation. Global warming not only makes forests difficult
to adapt to but also exposes them to other disturbances like floods, droughts,
wildfires and insect damage and gets further compounded by uncontrolled
land-use changes, unsustainable</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> exploitation, pollutions and fragmentation of
habitats. Further, <a href="http://www.fao.org/forestry/15905-dc804ee7d97e656f06507bdcecddc721.pdf"><span style="color: black;">an increase of global average temperature from 1.5 to 2.5
°C</span></a> is likely to cause the risk of extinction of 20 to 30% of plant
and animal species.<span style="background: white; letter-spacing: .15pt;"> The
forests also face the problem of depletion of the water table due to
unsustainable extraction of water which gets aggravated by droughts and
degraded conditions of the forest. </span>Other repercussions of climate change
are changes in the climatic, edaphic and environmental conditions thereby negatively
affecting the survival and emergence of forests. Water scarcity not only
encourages conditions to enhance the spread of fires but <a href="https://www.fluencecorp.com/wildfires-linked-to-groundwater-depletion/">also
decreases the resilience</a> of groundwater-dependent ecosystems. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">One
of the notable approaches to address the problems of degradation and
deforestation is <a href="https://www.iucn.org/theme/nature-based-solutions/resources/iucn-global-standard-nbs"><span style="color: black;">the Nature-based Solutions( NbS) of IUCN</span></a>. Defined
as actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural or modified
ecosystems, the NBS approach addresses the societal challenges effectively and
adaptively for human well-being and biodiversity benefits. Another approach to
reverse deforestation and degradation is <a href="http://www.fao.org/in-action/forest-landscape-restoration-mechanism">FLRM
(Forest and Landscape Restoration Mechanism).</a> Established by FAO in 2014, FLRM
includes actions to strengthen the resilience and ecological integrity of
landscapes with the participation of local communities. Current strategies and
initiatives both at global and national levels are now strongly advocating
these approaches to counter the challenge of degradation of forests.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Most
of the initiatives to counter these challenges especially climate change have
been so far limited to afforestation or tree planting being a mitigation
alternative. However, a cursory evaluation of these programmes does not portray
a very satisfactory picture mainly because of lack of seriousness and enabling
policy and financial support with adequate provision to take care of backward
and forward linkages essential for the establishment or survival of these
plantations. Similar is the fate of approaches meant to counter the degradation
like NbS and FLRM. In the absence of an effective policy initiative, enabling the atmosphere with the required institutional and legal framework with assured
financing provisions, the action plans or policy declarations of the Countries are
not able to yield considerable results. Though the mitigation measures for
reducing emissions using forests are more economical than other mechanisms, one p<a href="https://www.cseindia.org/a-policy-brief-redd-who-does-it-help--9010"><span style="color: black;">olicy brief of the Centre for Science and Environment<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(CSE)</span></a> estimates the cost to meet
the REDD+ interventions between the US $17 and $28 billion per year to reduce
global emissions from deforestation by 50 per cent for developing countries which
makes it highly cost-sensitive and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>more
challenging to put into practice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There
is no denial in the fact that degradation, biodiversity loss, pollution and
other climate change-induced problems are not only environmental problems,
they are also social and economic problems. Climate change and degradation
being closely interlinked with poverty also contribute to making a vicious
circle for the environmental crisis thereby pose a complex yet serious
challenge especially for developing countries including India. This warrants
formulation of integrated and inclusive solutions with strong political will
having pro-poor and gender-sensitive priorities, commitment, strong policy
support, enabling institutional and committed finances. Initiation and
implementation of such mechanisms can only help to break the nexus between
degradation and climate change for achieving effective and sustainability just
environmental results. In the absence of such timely initiatives and
priorities, the forests across the world will continue to face the double
whammy of degradation and climate change and may further reach a stage from
where their restoration and rejuvenation may become very difficult if not
impossible.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Views are personal).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This article also has been appeared in Telangana Today and can be viewed at the following link.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;">https://epaper.telanganatoday.com/Home/Index?date=05/07/2021&eid=1&pid=33639</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p>Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-407353159215766342021-06-05T21:28:00.000+05:302021-06-05T21:28:08.929+05:30Forest fires: Good servant but bad masterCome December and the foresters of Indian states gear up to manage annual forest
fires, which cause enormous damages to both flora and fauna and are among the
major challenges for the survival and growth of forests and wildlife. Considered
a good servant and a bad master, these fires are known to be beneficial for the
environment when managed under proper supervision and controlled conditions.
However, of late, ever-increasing anthropogenic factors, along with global
warming consequences, have been influencing these underlying conditions,
affecting the frequency and extent of forest fires enormously. So much so, that
they have become serious threats not only to forests and wildlife but also to
the already alarming state of climate change at a global level. <div><br /></div><div>The excessive
droughts, resulting in changes in depleted soil moisture, are not only
influencing the growth of existing forests but also enhancing the aridity of
fuel (leaves, twigs and litter) and soil, thereby making them highly prone to
fires. In the past, there have been repeated fire incidences in Uttarakhand,
which are mainly attributed to the presence of highly inflammable pine needles,
coupled with steep slopes. A few unusual incidences in Theni of Tamil Nadu and
the Tiger reserve of Bandipur during February-March and this year's incidence of
Simplipal Forests have drawn considerable attention of all. </div><div><br /></div><div>According to one
study, the anthropogenic climate changes during 1984-2015 in the US contributed
to an additional 4.2 million hectares (ha) of forest fire area, which is almost
double the forest fire area expected in their absence. In another study, the
scientists observed that, between 1979 and 2013, the parts of the globe having
more combustible vegetation have witnessed a nearly 108.1 per cent increase of
global burnable area from wildfire. Published in Nature, this study also found
that the fire season has also increased by nearly 20 per cent in all the
continents except Australia during that period. The unabating hotter and drier
weather, coupled with anthropogenic factors including our failure to manage
natural resources on sustainable lines, has made climate change almost
synonymous with a forest fire. And this is the reason for the nearly 13 per cent
more fire alerts witnessed during 2020 in India, when compared to 2019. And,
this trend is likely to get worse in the coming times, if we fail to address
this problem in all seriousness. As observed by the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the chain of fires occurring especially in
Australia and Amazon has worsened and subverted the conservation gains achieved
through dedicated and long-lasting efforts undertaken. And the failure of the
global communities to take action to control fire would be devastating for our
entire planet and the people who live on it. Apart from impoverishing precious
global resources, including biodiversity, the forests fires also endanger the
health aspect of the people, due to pollution spreading across national borders.
This has precipitated the urgency of addressing the challenges and negative
impacts of forest fires by countries involving , governmental and
non-governmental organisations, including Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO),
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), IUCN, etc, which are adopting their
multi-pronged strategies and programmes with the involvement of various
stallholders in this direction. </div><div><br /></div><div>Contrary to western countries, the forest fires
in India, by and large, can be attributed to human-induced factors, among which
encroachment and grazing are the most important. Whereas nearly 1.3 million ha
of forests are under encroachment, another 78 per cent of forests are subjected
to heavy grazing (World Bank, 2005). Having inter-linked the social, economic
and political reasons, control of these two problems to protect the forests from
these has become a difficult task for the foresters. </div><div>The latest report of the
Forest Survey of India estimates that nearly 21.4 per cent of forest cover in
India is prone to forest fires, with north-eastern and central Indian parts
being the most vulnerable. Gone are the days when a fire in the remote forest
used to devastate precious flora and fauna for days together </div><div><br /></div><div>There have been
considerable policy and regulatory interventions under Indian Forest Act, as
well as in National Forest policy, seeking both punitive as well as
participatory approaches to manage and control the fire in forests, besides
adopting modern fire management approaches, which were reflected in subsequent
schemes of the government. However, putting these approaches into practice could
not somehow be achieved, mainly due to association and engagement of various
factors with them and the lukewarm attitude towards the environment sector –
both in policy formulation and prioritisation in budgetary allocation. Forest
Survey of India (FSI), being the centre of excellence on forest fire management,
as envisaged under National Action Plan on Forest Fire, has been continuously
upgrading and introducing new techniques supported by state-of-the-art
technological advancement in the area of forest fire prevention and management.
While upgrading its existing system based on the use of MODIS data from 2017
onwards, the introduction of the recent version of Fire Alerts 3.0 and the use
of SNPP-VIIRS satellite system have further improved its ability to provide fire
alerts to the state forest departments, thereby helping them to control the fire
more efficiently and timely, apart from avoiding the fire occurrences by issuing
advanced pre-fire alerts. Gone are the days when a fire in the remote forest
used to devastate precious flora and fauna for days together. With the advent of
new technological interventions like fire alerts, advanced equipment, etc, the
foresters are now in a better position to control these fires within a shortest
possible time. The introduction of the Early Warning Alert System for Forest
Fire started in 2016 and its recent adoption throughout the country has further
improved the technological intervention for fire prevention. Based on parameters
like forest density, humidity, temperature, rainfall, previous fire alerts, etc,
this method of providing early fire warning alerts on weekly basis is proving
highly effective in fire prevention as per the initial observations of FSI. </div><div><br /></div><div>Unlike developed countries, the survival of existing forests, including their
protection from fire, is inter-linked to broader socio-economic and political
issues in developing countries, including India. The dependence of nearly 100
million people for livelihood and other needs of fuelwood, non-timber forest
products and subsistence of nearly 35 million tribal people on forests add
enormous pressure on the forests, due to unsustainable extraction of these
resources and further degrade them. During 2019, the forest area affected by the
fire was reported to be 256,000 ha. The estimated economic costs of forest fires
in India according to the World Bank (2018) is about Rs1,101 crore per year
(2016 prices). This estimation is based on the assessment of loss of standing
trees and does not take the ecological services, including carbon sequestration
into account which can increase this loss by thousands of crore easily. Being in
the concurrent list, both Central and state governments are required to take
effective measures to address the challenges of fire damages to our forests. The
fund allocation for fire management from the Central government is about Rs50
crore per year. States like Odisha, Chhattisgarh. MP, Jharkhand, Maharashtra,
Telangana, Uttarakhand, UP, Rajasthan, etc, having sizeable funds under
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) are in
a position to earmark fund towards fire management, but the states with lower
allocation have the issue of fund availability to deal with, compounding the
problem. The estimated economic costs of forest fires in India according to the
World Bank (2018) is about Rs1,101 crore per year (2016 prices). This estimation
is based on the assessment of loss of standing trees and does not take the
ecological services, including carbon sequestration into account which can
increase this loss by thousands of crore easily. Knowing well that 90-95 per cent
of fires are man-made, the solution to this problem also lies with the people. </div><div><br /></div><div>The major strategies of fire management and control include prevention of fire
and fire control, apart from the indirect approach of awareness and capacity
building of various stakeholders for their participation in these strategies.
Fire prevention and control strategies though being the best solutions to the
problem suffer from the constraint of availability of man and money. Inadequacy
of forest guards due to non-recruitment in many states and vast jurisdiction of
forest beat (lowest administrative unit), ranging from 1,000 ha to 2,500 ha,
hinder the availability of manpower at the crucial time of fire season. The
engagement of forest officials, including forest guards, in other forestry and
developmental activities also add insult to injury. Further, considering even
3.89 per cent forest cover (25,617 sq km) as extremely fire-prone, 6.01 per cent
(39,500 sq km) as highly fire-prone and another 11.50 per cent (75,952 sq km) as
fire-prone, as observed by Forest Survey of India (FSI), crucial and effective
fire prevention measures like fire lines, controlled burning, placing fire
watchers over such vast track, involve huge monetary implications. The
inadequate fund allocation for these two strategies poses a major challenge and
makes the strategies of fire management ineffective. </div><div><br /></div><div>The preventive approach of
controlling forest fires, though crucial, is again linked to major anthropogenic
factors like livelihood activities, encroachment, grazing, etc, to name a few,
and warrant initiation of certain revolutionary yet harsh steps from the
policymakers. However, due to the involvement of social and economic resentment,
coupled with the political consequences of these initiatives, such measures have
never been considered a practical solution to this problem. Further, for a
welfare state having deep-rooted economic and social inequalities in rural areas
and fringe forest communities having linkages with environmental degradation,
any such regulatory and radical changes cannot be considered wise and
thoughtful. Similar is the case of seeking the co-operation of the people in the
prevention and control of forest fire, which is gradually diminishing mainly,
due to lack of an effective model of community participation. To have a win-win
situation for all stakeholders, the lacklustre attitude of people towards
environmental protection, including forest and forest fires, have to change. </div><div><br /></div><div>For
effective control over the recurring challenges of forest fires, there is a need
to address this problem in an integrated manner, by involving a wide range of
stakeholders/communities, adopting multi-pronged strategies and controlling the
degradation of forests and climate change with policy interventions and adequate
resources. We should also remember that, unless we do away with innovative and
enterprising ways of subverting environmental obligations due to priority of
development over the environment, this camouflage will further abate the
degradation of the environment and will be manifested in the forms of climate
change, flood and forest fires. In the absence of this, any efforts of fire
control with no serious and committed backing of policy interventions will just
be like beating around the bushes.
</div><div><br /></div><div>Originally appeared in </div><div>https://businessindia.co/magazine/forest-fires-good-servant-but-bad-master </div>Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-49022744811702095082020-12-14T14:57:00.001+05:302020-12-14T14:57:33.876+05:30Telangana’s greening drive aims at mitigating climate change<p> </p><div class="entry-content" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 30px 0px 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-align: justify; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;">The green garland scheme of Telangana is expected to raise forest cover in the southern Indian state to 33% of its total area to mitigate the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions</span></span></p><div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_13648" style="background: transparent; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 96%; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 690px;"><img alt="A large number of people in Telangana have been provided with seedlings under the Haritha Haram programme (Photo by Mohan Chandra Pargaien)" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13648" class="size-full wp-image-13648" data-attachment-id="13648" data-comments-opened="0" data-image-description="<p>A large number of people in Telangana have been provided with seedlings under the Haritha Haram programme (Photo by Mohan Chandra Pargaien)</p>
" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Haritha01" data-large-file="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha01.jpg" data-medium-file="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha01-300x172.jpg" data-orig-file="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha01.jpg" data-orig-size="680,390" data-permalink="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/2020/12/14/telanganas-greening-overdrive-aims-at-mitigating-climate-change/haritha01/" height="390" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 680px, 100vw" src="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha01.jpg" srcset="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha01.jpg 680w, https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha01-480x275.jpg 480w" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" width="680" /><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-13648" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 4px 5px; text-align: right; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">A large number of people in Telangana have been provided with seedlings under the Haritha Haram programme (Photo by Mohan Chandra Pargaien)</p></div><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Forests support countless and diverse species, provide essential ecosystem services, stabilise climate, regulate the water regime, besides providing a direct source of livelihood for more than one billion people worldwide.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/forests-and-climate-change" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b9837; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Having a two-fold role in climate change</a>, forests can cause up to half of the global greenhouse emission due to land-use changes. At the same time, they are an excellent sink for carbon dioxide, the single biggest cause of global warming.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Having a huge potential to absorb about a sixth of global carbon emissions, forests across the globe provide one of the cheapest natural and low-tech ways to offset greenhouse gas emissions. When managed in a sustainable manner, reforestation and landscape restoration of forests help to reduce the vulnerability of both forest and forest-dependent communities to the consequences of climate change.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Since climate change is one of the major drivers of degradation of forests and disturbances to forest-dependent communities, environmentalists and foresters are now supporting the strategy of <a href="https://www.conservation.org/docs/default-source/publication-pdfs/policy_brief_natural_regeneration.pdf" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b9837; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">assisted natural regeneration also as an alternative</a> to tree planting, which is low-cost, easy to adopt and a high-impact intervention to restore and rejuvenate degraded forests and biodiversity and sequester carbon as well.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Restoring 350 million hectares of degraded forests by 2030, which could sequester up to 1.7 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent annually, is the main objective of the <a href="https://www.bonnchallenge.org/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b9837; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Bonn Challenge,</a> a land restoration and tree plantation programme initiated by the UN Convention to Combat Desertification.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Considering the many roles and services of trees, there had been initiatives at the international, national and local levels by increasing the tree cover and protecting and developing existing forest wealth, which are being subjected to many challenges by human activities.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Notable among these initiatives are the <a href="https://trilliontrees.org/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b9837; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Trillion Trees</a> initiative of the United Nations Environment Programme and Food and Agriculture Organisation, <a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/plant-a-billion/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b9837; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Plant a Billion Trees</a> by non-profit Nature Conservatory and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_Tree_Tsunami" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b9837; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Billion Trees Tsunami</a> of Pakistan.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">In India, the federal government launched the <a href="http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Green-India-Mission.pdf" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b9837; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Green India Mission</a> (GIM) in 2014 to increase forest cover by five million hectares and to improve the quality of forest cover on another five million hectares of forest and non-forest lands.</p><div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_13649" style="background: transparent; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 96%; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 690px;"><img alt="A forested area in Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana (Photo by Mohan Chandra Pargaien)" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13649" class="size-full wp-image-13649" data-attachment-id="13649" data-comments-opened="0" data-image-description="<p>A forested area in Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana (Photo by Mohan Chandra Pargaien)</p>
" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Haritha02" data-large-file="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha02.jpg" data-medium-file="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha02-300x172.jpg" data-orig-file="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha02.jpg" data-orig-size="680,390" data-permalink="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/2020/12/14/telanganas-greening-overdrive-aims-at-mitigating-climate-change/haritha02/" height="390" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 680px, 100vw" src="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha02.jpg" srcset="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha02.jpg 680w, https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha02-480x275.jpg 480w" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" width="680" /><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-13649" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 4px 5px; text-align: right; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">A forested area in Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana (Photo by Mohan Chandra Pargaien)</p></div><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">As a signatory to the <a href="https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b9837; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Paris climate pact</a>, India has committed to creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030. Various provincial governments have introduced tree-planting programmes such as Maharashtra’s plan of planting 330 million saplings and Uttar Pradesh’s plan of planting 220 million trees in 2019 and Madhya Pradesh planting 66 million trees in one day during 2017.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Green Garland</span></p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">The recently created southern Indian province of Telangana launched its flagship greening intervention — <a href="http://harithaharam.telangana.gov.in/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b9837; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Telangana Ku Haritha Haram</a> (Green Garland for Telangana) — in 2015 to increase the green cover of the state from the existing 24% to 33%, with a target of planting one billion trees in existing forests and 1.3 billion outside forest lands.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Contrary to the conventional practice of entrusting the responsibility of tree planting to the forest department, other stakeholders have been included in this initiative. Frequent monitoring at various levels, active involvement of public representatives and implementation in various ingenious ways by field functionaries have resulted in the successful implementation of the programmes.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Linking tree planting programmes with wages and livelihood under various government schemes and incentives have resulted in wide acceptance and popularity of Haritha Haram.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">This has helped not only to make all governmental organisations and other stakeholders responsible and empowered but also provided them with a good platform to address the challenges of climate change.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">With the inclusive concept of Jungle Bachao, Jungle Badhao (Protect Forest, Expand Forest), the activities outside forest areas are centred on increasing greenery by way of planting in rural areas.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Considering the vital role of green cover in both cities and villages, the recent focus of the government has been to develop and create urban green spaces.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">For the forest department, the mandate is like a dual platform, covering both protection and increase of forest growth, including restoration of degraded forests, which has been gaining much attention under the new approach of <a href="https://www.iucn.org/theme/forests/our-work/forest-landscape-restoration" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b9837; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Forest Land restoration (FLR</a>) to ensure sustainable land use for improving the wellbeing of humans and the environment.</p><div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_13650" style="background: transparent; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 96%; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 690px;"><img alt="A Red Sanders and Malabar Teak plantation in private land (Photo by Mohan Chandra Pargaien)" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13650" class="size-full wp-image-13650" data-attachment-id="13650" data-comments-opened="0" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Haritha03" data-large-file="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha03.jpg" data-medium-file="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha03-300x172.jpg" data-orig-file="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha03.jpg" data-orig-size="680,390" data-permalink="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/2020/12/14/telanganas-greening-overdrive-aims-at-mitigating-climate-change/haritha03/" height="390" loading="lazy" sizes="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 680px, 100vw" src="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha03.jpg" srcset="https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha03.jpg 680w, https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Haritha03-480x275.jpg 480w" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" width="680" /><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-13650" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 4px 5px; text-align: right; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">A Red Sanders and Malabar Teak plantation in private land (Photo by Mohan Chandra Pargaien)</p></div><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Since launching of the programme in 2015, so far 2.14 billion seedlings (1.42 billion outside forest areas and 0.72 billion inside forests) have been planted all over Telangana till October 2020 by involving citizens at all levels.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">The programme has also been successful in restoring around 245,000 hectares of degraded forests by spending INR 50.8 billion (USD 0.69 billion) by various government departments.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Unique aspect</span></p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">The unique aspect of the Haritha Haram programme is its landmark policy initiatives with priority to the environment as reflected in recently amended Panchayati Raj and municipal laws to include afforestation.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Coupled with institutional and financial support, these initiatives call for entrusting roles and responsibilities among panchayats (local self-governing bodies) and municipalities for planting and protection of trees, their survival (85%), and a generous allocation of funds.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Considering the efficacy and multifaceted utilities of forests, restoration of degraded and destroyed ecosystems has been identified as one of the proven measures to fight the climate crisis and enhance food security, water supply and biodiversity by the United Nations by declaring <a href="https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/new-un-decade-ecosystem-restoration-offers-unparalleled-opportunity" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b9837; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">2021–30 as the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration</a></p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Telangana’s Haritha Haram programme is in line with that initiative.</p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Mohan </em><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandra </em><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Pargaien is an Additional principal chief conservator of forests in Telangana.</em></p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">As appeared in</em></p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Open Sans, Arial, sans-serif;"><i>https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/2020/12/14/telanganas-greening-overdrive-aims-at-mitigating-climate-change/</i></span></span></p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> </p></div>Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-69716414754567223362020-07-07T17:32:00.001+05:302020-07-07T17:32:34.620+05:30Miyawaki Way to Green Urban Landscapes and Degraded Forests<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 class="hw he bj bi ea hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im bn" id="e2d8" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Sans", Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.79em 0px -0.42em;">
<span class="in" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: inherit;">This new method of raising diverse forests can be a boon to tackle the challenges of climate change and lack of green cover across various locations.</span></h2>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx jq jr ia js jt ju jv if jw jx ii jy jz il ka gx fr kb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="f331" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="r kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk cp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">O</span>ne of the fantastic gifts of Mother Nature, trees are vital and valuable resources for the survival of mankind apart from providing umpteen goods and services. The role of trees in mitigating climate change especially in capturing and sequestering carbon has made them a favourite to address the climate change-related challenges including deforestation.</div>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx jq jr ia js jt ju jv if jw jx ii jy jz il ka gx fr kb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="c348" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="r kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk cp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">T</span>he importance of forests and initiatives to raise tree planting have of late started gaining momentum both at global and national levels. Recently launched <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.trilliontrees.org/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“One Trillion Trees</span>”</a> Initiative of World Economic Forum with UNEP and FAO or the <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.bonnchallenge.org/content/challenge" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">“<span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Bonn Challenge”</span></a> of Germany and IUCN or <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/plant-a-billion/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“Plant a Billion Trees</span>”</a> of Nature Conservancy’s or <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_Tree_Tsunami" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“Billion Trees Tsunami</span></a>” of Pakistan, the efforts across the globe are intensified aiming to increase the tree cover both for the restoration of degraded forests and to increase the carbon sequestering capacity.</div>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx jq jr ia js jt ju jv if jw jx ii jy jz il ka gx fr kb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="12a9" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="r kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk cp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">T</span>he Indian Government under the Paris Climate Agreement has also pledged to increase its forests by 95 million hectares by 2030. Apart from its regular tree programmes, states governments have also initiated tree planting programmes of various magnitudes. <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-plants-more-than-22-cr-trees-in-one-day-creates-world-record/articleshow/70609003.cms" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Uttar Pradesh’s 220 million trees planting</a> during 2019 and Madhya Pradesh’s <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/mp-6-crore-trees-12-hours-paris-agreement-guinness-world-record-1022572-2017-07-05" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">66 million tree planting in one day</a> during 2017 are a few such programmes. The newly created state of Telangana also launched a prestigious Flagship <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telangana-launches-massive-plantation-programme-haritha-haram-31827" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">programme <span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“Haritha Haram”</span> (green garland) programmes in 2015</a> with a target of planting 100 crores inside forests and 130 trees outside forests and so far 180 crore seedlings have been planted.</div>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx jq jr ia js jt ju jv if jw jx ii jy jz il ka gx fr kb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="2378" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="r kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk cp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">T</span>he tree planting has primarily been a subject matter of forestry professionals due to involvement of technical inputs starting from raising seedlings to maintaining of plantations for various purposes; however, various organizations/NGOs and individuals have also been taking up tree planting with modifications suiting local needs. One such method to raise plantation that has gained momentum recently is the Miyawaki Method. Named after Dr. Akira Miyawaki, noted botanist and conservationist of Japan, this method aims at restoring and creating indigenous forests. The concept of Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV) developed by Reinhold Tüxen in 1956, which refers to vegetation that has been established naturally under existing environmental conditions except human interference, is an underlying principle of this method. Since native species are only suited and qualified to form such vegetation, Dr. Miyawaki strongly advocated the use of native species to restore the degraded forests along with a variety of accompanying species (supporting species). He succeeded in restoring various kinds of forests that have been degraded due to different reasons across Japan and other tropical countries and is credited for planting around 40 million trees at 1700 locations across the world. Miyawaki method, in other words, is planting native species or facilitating the regeneration of native species. This method is claimed to get 10 times more fast growth, 30 times more density, and 100 times more biodiversity than conventional plantations.</div>
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<img class="s t u ep ai le lf ao vj" height="158" role="presentation" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*j1Is2GdhKtPDMi0goIZ-pw.jpeg?q=20" style="box-sizing: inherit; filter: blur(20px); height: 158px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: scale(1.1); transition: visibility 0ms ease 400ms; vertical-align: middle; visibility: hidden; width: 299px;" width="299" /></div>
<img class="fc tx s t u ep ai lh" height="158" role="presentation" sizes="299px" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/299/1*j1Is2GdhKtPDMi0goIZ-pw.jpeg" srcset="https://miro.medium.com/max/552/1*j1Is2GdhKtPDMi0goIZ-pw.jpeg 276w, https://miro.medium.com/max/598/1*j1Is2GdhKtPDMi0goIZ-pw.jpeg 299w" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; height: 158px; left: 0px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 400ms ease 0ms; vertical-align: middle; width: 299px;" width="299" /></div>
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<figcaption class="li lj gn gl gm lk ll bi ea cn bk bn" data-selectable-paragraph="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Sans", Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 728px; text-align: center;"><span class="in" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: inherit;">Miyawaki Forests give fast, dense and more biodiversity than conventional forests</span></figcaption></figure><blockquote class="lm ln lo" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(41, 41, 41) 3px 0px 0px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding-left: 23px;">
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<span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><span class="bj" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: normal;">“The most important thing to do right now is to build native forests which survive thousands of years until the next glacial age arrives” — Akira Miyawaki</span></span></div>
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<img class="s t u ep ai le lf ao vj" height="121" role="presentation" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*3-gzo7O3Emn3BqYSgHxYwQ.jpeg?q=20" style="box-sizing: inherit; filter: blur(20px); height: 121px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: scale(1.1); transition: visibility 0ms ease 400ms; vertical-align: middle; visibility: hidden; width: 145px;" width="145" /></div>
<img class="fc tx s t u ep ai lh" height="121" role="presentation" sizes="145px" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/145/1*3-gzo7O3Emn3BqYSgHxYwQ.jpeg" srcset="" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; height: 121px; left: 0px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 400ms ease 0ms; vertical-align: middle; width: 145px;" width="145" /></div>
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<figcaption class="li lj gn gl gm lk ll bi ea cn bk bn" data-selectable-paragraph="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Sans", Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 728px; text-align: center;">Source: Wikipedia</figcaption></figure><div class="jn jo bj jp b hx jq jr ia js jt ju jv if jw jx ii jy jz il ka gx fr kb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="750b" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="r kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk cp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">A</span>lso called <span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“Potted seedling method”,</span> the main components of this method are seed collection of native and companion species, growing them in bags or pots, preparation of soils, use of mulching and soil enhancers followed by planting and maintenance up to 3 years then leaving it to nature on the concept that <span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“no management is the best management”.</span> Random planting of native species at very close spacing facilitates to recreate the complexity of natural forests by allowing young regeneration to grow faster. The result after a few years is the creation of multi-canopied forests. As the forests created under this method are naturally layered and are composed of native plant communities supporting each other, these forests are also called <span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“Native forest scapes”.</span></div>
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<span class="ay" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Gaining popularity:</span></h1>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx mk jr ia ml jt ju mm if jw mn ii jy mo il ka gx fr kb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="7fdd" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 0.86em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="r kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk cp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">O</span>ver the last few years, Miyawaki method has gained overwhelming response in India. <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.afforestt.com/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“Afforest”</span></a> a for-profit social enterprise with its founder Mr. Subhendu Sharma is credited for starting this technique in India in August 2011. This was followed by other voluntary organizations like <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.saytrees.org/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">“<span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Saytrees”</span></a>,<span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"> </span><a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://sankalptaru.org/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“Sankalptaru</span></a><span class="jp kq" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">”, </span>PSUs like NTPC, IOC, various State forest departments, Indian Navy and individuals adopting this method across various parts of India in varying extent. A recently approved proposal of <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/35-cr-miyawaki-project-gets-bmc-standing-committee-nod/story-hDAv9Eeo2QNcsW0TmEwI6M.html" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) to plant 377,416 trees</a> at a cost of ₹350 million and Gautam Budh Nagar’s plan to cover <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/greater-noida-to-have-indias-biggest-miyawaki-forest-officials.html" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">71,000 sq metres land in Greater Noida with 0.2 million plants</a> in collaboration with Samsung to develop the biggest and dense Miyawaki forest in India are also noteworthy and indicates its growing popularity. Excellent growth of the plantations raised so far under this method is highly encouraging and motivating other organizations/corporations and even government departments to examine its replicability along with regular programmes.</div>
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<img class="fc tx s t u ep ai lh" height="164" role="presentation" sizes="451px" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/451/1*cNpOt926UVRqaxMigzjizw.jpeg" srcset="https://miro.medium.com/max/552/1*cNpOt926UVRqaxMigzjizw.jpeg 276w, https://miro.medium.com/max/902/1*cNpOt926UVRqaxMigzjizw.jpeg 451w" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; height: 164px; left: 0px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 400ms ease 0ms; vertical-align: middle; width: 451px;" width="451" /></div>
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<figcaption class="li lj gn gl gm lk ll bi ea cn bk bn" data-selectable-paragraph="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Sans", Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 728px; text-align: center;">Six months old Miyawaki Plantation at NTPC Ramagundam Telangana India Pic: TSFDC</figcaption></figure><h1 class="ls lt bj bi fo lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj fr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="d62e" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Sans", Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; letter-spacing: -0.022em; line-height: 40px; margin: 1.95em 0px -0.28em;">
<span class="ay" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Proven results:</span></h1>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx mk jr ia ml jt ju mm if jw mn ii jy mo il ka gx fr kb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="6779" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 0.86em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="r kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk cp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">T</span>here have been a few research findings worldwide endorsing the efficacy of this method. An 11-year study conducted by Schirone, B., Salis, A., & Vessella, F conducted in the forests of Sadinina where previous attempts of reforestation method failed found the positive impact of Miyawaki method as reflected in better survival of plants as compared to the previous failure of the traditional method, improved density and growth without maintenance.</div>
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<img class="fc tx s t u ep ai lh" height="151" role="presentation" sizes="370px" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/370/1*nENuPHqZJv_et0XToQla0A.jpeg" srcset="https://miro.medium.com/max/552/1*nENuPHqZJv_et0XToQla0A.jpeg 276w, https://miro.medium.com/max/740/1*nENuPHqZJv_et0XToQla0A.jpeg 370w" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; height: 151px; left: 0px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 400ms ease 0ms; vertical-align: middle; width: 370px;" width="370" /></div>
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<figcaption class="li lj gn gl gm lk ll bi ea cn bk bn" data-selectable-paragraph="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Sans", Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 728px; text-align: center;">Impact of Miyawaki Method on growth and succession © as compared to natural conditions (a) & traditional reforestation methods (b) Source: Schirone,B.,Salis, A.,& Vessella, F. 2011)</figcaption></figure><div class="jn jo bj jp b hx jq jr ia js jt ju jv if jw jx ii jy jz il ka gx fr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="8f11" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
In another study conducted to determine the effect of Miyawaki method on soil quality and understory vegetation in Nanhai District of China by <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/X.-F.-Guo/30651407" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">X. F. Guo</a> found the Miyawaki method is better for preserving soil quality, its fertility apart from accumulating good average coverage, and biomass of shrubs and herbaceous layers in different afforestation lands when compared to the traditional method.</div>
<h1 class="ls lt bj bi fo lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj fr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="1f7e" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Sans", Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; letter-spacing: -0.022em; line-height: 40px; margin: 1.95em 0px -0.28em;">
<span class="ay" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Cost of Raising:</span></h1>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx mk jr ia ml jt ju mm if jw mn ii jy mo il ka gx fr kb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="37d3" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 0.86em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="r kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk cp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">O</span>ne of the widely discussed and debatable issues relating to Miyawaki forest is its higher cost of raising and maintenance due to adoption of close spacing, enrichment of soil and regular watering and other maintenance. Compared to traditional planting where plant-to-plant distance ranges from 2.5 meters to 4 meters, spacing under Miyawaki ranges from 50 cm to 100 cm. So, in case you have a 100 square meter plot for Miyawaki at 50 cm spacing you need 441 plants while the same plot in traditional planting adopting 3 meters spacing (normally adopted) will require 16 plants only. The difference in spacing thereby makes the cost of raising as high as up to ₹700 per square Met against approximately ₹ 200 per square met in the traditional method of planting.</div>
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<span class="ay" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">One of the alternatives to tackle degraded forests:</span></h1>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx mk jr ia ml jt ju mm if jw mn ii jy mo il ka gx fr kb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="92d6" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 0.86em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="r kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk cp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">As</span>per recent FAO’s State of the World’s Forests report 2020, “<a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="http://www.fao.org/3/ca8642en/CA8642EN.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Since 1990, it is estimated that 420 million hectares of forest have been lost through conversion to other land uses, although the rate of deforestation has decreased over the past three decades.</a>” As per <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://fsi.nic.in/forest-report-2019?pgID=forest-report-2019" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Forest Survey of India report 2019</a>, India is having 3,04,499,00 Hac (30 million ) of forest land as open forest (having density between 10 % to 40%) accounting for 9.26 % of geographical area and considerable areas under this category are degraded and available for planting including rejuvenation. India has recently planned to <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/india-to-raise-target-for-restoring-degraded-land-pm-modi/article29374484.ece" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">restore 26 million hectares</a> (MH) from its land degradation status up to 2030 out of which 21 MHA (about 81%) is forest land, and 5 MHA lies outside forests. However various programmes aiming at the restoration of degraded lands both at national and international levels have not fully succeeded to achieve the desired goals in the absence of necessary wherewithal like policy support, financial backup, and institutionalisation. The attempts to tackle degraded lands in the past like that of China’s ‘Great Green Wall to plant nearly 90 million acres of new forest reported to have a failure <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://e360.yale.edu/features/chinas_reforestation_programs_big_success_or_just_an_illusion" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">to the extent of 85 per cent of the plantings</a>. Similarly most of the 11m trees planted in <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/30/most-of-11m-trees-planted-in-turkish-project-may-be-dead" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Turkish project reported to be dead</a> either due to being planted at the wrong time and not by the expert, as well as a lack of rainfall. Since forestry species usually take longer time to grow and establish, tackling such huge tracks of degraded lands not only requires sound policy initiatives and financial linkages but also the adoption of innovative and fast-responding interventions to yield results. This is also a fact that the traditional methods and practices of raising plantations being adopted in the Forest department have not yielded required success for various reasons. The Miyawaki method of planting under such state of affairs offers a bright hope to meet the challenges of degradation and climate change.</div>
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<span class="ay" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">New greens for urban resilience:</span></h1>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx mk jr ia ml jt ju mm if jw mn ii jy mo il ka gx fr kb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="5a99" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 0.86em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="r kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk cp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">R</span>apid urbanization occurring at the expense of agricultural and natural land cover is not only causing increased concretization turning our urban areas into urban heat islands posing significant threats to health and psychological well-being of citizens, ecosystem services, and cultural associations besides contributing to global climate change.</div>
<blockquote class="lm ln lo" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(41, 41, 41) 3px 0px 0px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding-left: 23px;">
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As per one report of Govindarajulu, D.(2014) “with rising in urban population the per capita availability in many urban areas has reduced drastically and many cities in India already fall short of green space available per capita, which is much below the WHO recommended norms of 9 sq.m/capita”. Barring a few cities, almost all the Indian cities are having per capita green cover below the recommended norms of 9 Sq met/capita.</div>
</blockquote>
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City planners, policymakers, and residents have now realized and recognized the delicate link between human well-being of the urban population and urban forests and decided to shift their focus towards eco-cities or cities with green. By developing such eco-cities, the citizens apart from improving the existing urban greens are planning to manage to optimize ecosystem services through required policy initiatives and inclusive planning giving due credence to urban green spaces.</div>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx jq jr ia js jt ju jv if jw jx ii jy jz il ka gx fr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="dde9" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
Being multilayered and resilient, native environmental landscapes like the Miyawaki forests are capable of providing decorative and biodiversity values, lessening climatic disturbances, and facilitating harmony to the landscapes in the smaller or segregated extent of lands thereby becoming the best choices for urban landscape managers. Being one of the promising indicators of resilient cities, creation and maintenance of green cover by the adoption of diverse techniques and models provide an excellent alternative. Being one of the examples of nature-based solutions and best indicator of resilient cities, Miyawaki forests also help to integrate green and gray infrastructure of cities duly retrofitting into urban and industrial areas for the long-term objective of climate resilience.</div>
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<img class="fc tx s t u ep ai lh" height="206" role="presentation" sizes="451px" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/451/1*uLJsankGiBgLTgQaxdpytQ.jpeg" srcset="https://miro.medium.com/max/552/1*uLJsankGiBgLTgQaxdpytQ.jpeg 276w, https://miro.medium.com/max/902/1*uLJsankGiBgLTgQaxdpytQ.jpeg 451w" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; height: 206px; left: 0px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 400ms ease 0ms; vertical-align: middle; width: 451px;" width="451" /></div>
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<figcaption class="li lj gn gl gm lk ll bi ea cn bk bn" data-selectable-paragraph="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Sans", Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 728px; text-align: center;">A 5 years Miyawaki forest near Hyderabad grown in Arbor Road Estate Telangana India. Pic: Kirti Anand</figcaption></figure><h1 class="ls lt bj bi fo lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj fr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="9c6f" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Sans", Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; letter-spacing: -0.022em; line-height: 40px; margin: 1.95em 0px -0.28em;">
<span class="ay" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Challenges ahead:</span></h1>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx mk jr ia ml jt ju mm if jw mn ii jy mo il ka gx fr kb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="7133" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 0.86em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="r kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk cp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">A</span>part from its high popularity and attraction, criticism of Miyawaki is also being received among a few forestry professionals on the ground that the forests produced with induced or forced photosynthesis method (Miyawaki) cannot become the substitute for natural forests. Though the initial results of Miyawaki in selected locations are encouraging, the real impact of any intervention involving forestry species requires long-term study due to long rotation and such scientific research validating the claim of Miyawaki especially is lacking in countries like India having diverse agro-climatic zones. Absence of such sound validated research/studies is another challenge for considering this method as a new alternative to existing planting models for its universal adoption at a bigger scale in addition to the issue of financial concerns and required institutional arrangements. Citizen and NGOs associated with Miyawaki cite the collection of the seed of native and associated species as major challenges which require in-depth study involving time and dedication apart from active participation and cooperation from the forest department as the custodian of forests.</div>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx jq jr ia js jt ju jv if jw jx ii jy jz il ka gx fr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="6e18" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
The high cost of raising under Miyawaki is one of the stumbling blocks for its widespread adoption under ongoing afforestation programmes. One of the components under the Miyawaki method responsible for high raising cost is the enrichment of the soil. The degraded forests having good soil quality and proximity to the natural forest can provide cost reduction if selected to be covered under the Miyawaki method. The State of Telangana under its flagship programme of Harithaharam has also adopted the Miyawaki Method to be replicated in urban forest areas and municipalities. Leading the way, the Forest department of Telangana has already adopted this method for using in degraded forest areas duly revising the raising cost up to ₹ 6 lakhs /hectare.</div>
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<span class="ay" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Way forward with innovations:</span></h1>
<div class="jn jo bj jp b hx mk jr ia ml jt ju mm if jw mn ii jy mo il ka gx fr kb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="68ac" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: #292929; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 0.86em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="r kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk cp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">In</span>a short time, the Miyawaki method has gained immense popularity, especially in urban areas. Since urban soils are primarily refractory and degraded containing less humus we need to explore other ways and means to enrich the productivity of urban soils duly exploring the reuse of organic waste material by linking with local bodies. Involving local panchayats and municipalities for raising decentralized nurseries and utilizing biodegradable waste, funding tie-up under <a class="bx kl km kn ko kp" href="https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03BrdlYr5G6enszzPfARaDB3Fy7tA:1593592706256&q=MGNREGA&spell=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiK77C506vqAhXr_XMBHddXBbYQBSgAegQIFRAn" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(41, 41, 41, 1)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">MGNREGA</a> (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) or with local corporate groups by infusing their CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) funding and technological interventions suiting local agro-climatic conditions are a few areas to meet the challenges of high raising cost. Other cost reduction measures and modifications to technique suiting local environments need to be studied for its applicability at a wider scale and tackle diverse locations in urban areas. The uninterrupted availability of native and associate species and initial technical know-how can be facilitated by involving the local forest department. As most of the cities have good presence of Multinational Corporations (MNC), their active involvement to prioritize their CSR funding to the urban greening sector duly involving local NGOs associated with environmental conservation can make it an excellent workable model to enhance the urban green cover.</div>
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Views are personnel.</div>
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Also appeared in: </div>
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<a href="https://medium.com/climate-conscious/miyawaki-way-to-green-urban-landscapes-and-degraded-forests-39f465e8c76d">https://medium.com/climate-conscious/miyawaki-way-to-green-urban-landscapes-and-degraded-forests-39f465e8c76d</a></div>
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Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-6404403567848627922020-06-27T14:02:00.000+05:302020-06-27T14:02:24.016+05:30Green strides to a social movement<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #888888; font-size: 18px;">Telangana Ku Haritha Haram is transforming from being target-oriented to a socially-driven quality-focused initiative</span></h1>
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The importance of forests and tree planting initiatives has started gaining momentum both at national and global levels. With various initiatives like the recently launched ‘One Trillion Trees’ initiative of the World Economic Forum with UNEP and FAO, the ‘Bonn Challenge’ of Germany and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), ‘Plant a Billion Trees’ of Nature Conservancy and ‘Billion Trees Tsunami’ of Pakistan, the efforts across the globe are intensifying to increase the tree cover, both for the restoration of degraded forests and to increase the carbon sequestering capacity.</div>
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In recent years, concern for the environment has increased tremendously among various stakeholders as reflected in the form of various missions, visions, flagship programmes, etc, both at the State and Central levels. The Indian government under the Paris Climate Agreement has also pledged to increase its forests by 95 million hectares by 2030.</div>
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Apart from its regular tree programmes, various States have also initiated tree-planting programmes. Maharashtra’s plan of planting 330 million saplings and Uttar Pradesh’s plan of planting 220 million trees during 2019 and Madhya Pradesh planting 66 million trees in one day during 2017 are a few such programmes. However, sometimes these programmes are either temporary, cosmetic or have a low shelf life due to absence of necessary wherewithal like policy support, financial backup and institutionalisation to ensure their sustenance and continuance in the long run to achieve the desired goals.</div>
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Trees by All</h3>
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Telangana also launched its prestigious flagship programme ‘Telangana Ku Haritha Haram’ (Green Garland of Telangana) in 2015 to increase the green cover of the State from the existing 24% to 33% with a target of planting 100 crores trees inside forests and 130 crore outside forest ।ands. With catchy and effective slogans like ‘Vanalu Vaapus Rawali, Kothulu Vapus Powali’ (rains should come back and monkeys should go back to forests from cities), which linked the interdependent problems of deforestation and monkey menace, Chief Minister K Chandrashekhara Rao succeeded in motivating people on environmental concerns, including tree planting.</div>
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Contrary to the conventional practice of entrusting the responsibility of tree planting to the Forest department, for the first time this onus has been distributed among all the government departments, thereby bringing a sea change in the attitude of the officials. This was supported by required monitoring interventions, active participation of all departments and strict implementation to ensure more planting outside forests.</div>
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Frequent monitoring at various levels, active involvement of public representatives and implementation with various ingenious ways by the field functionaries have resulted in the successful implementation of the programmes. Linking tree planting programmes with wage/livelihood under various schemes and incentives could result in wide acceptance and popularity of Haritha Haram.</div>
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Protection and Rejuvenation</h3>
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Degradation of forests is one of the major challenges of forest management. As per the Forest Survey of India, 2019, Telangana has 10.18 lakh hectare of open forests with tree density ranging between 10% and 40%. These forests are more or less degraded due to various reasons, including climate change. The government has accorded equal priority to rejuvenate degraded forests by adopting the strategy of protecting them from fire and going in for biotic interference supplemented with silvicultural interventions for new growth.</div>
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The importance of this intervention can be gauged from the fact that the Chief Minister himself undertook a field visit of degraded forests being tackled under the Assisted natural regeneration (ANR) model, under which so far 2.45 lakh hectare has been treated. With the provision of required infrastructure, manpower, supportive legal provisions and the recent addition of Rs 3,110 crore under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA), comprehensive development of forests is under way including new priority areas like urban parks.</div>
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<img alt="Green strides" class="alignnone wp-image-461758 size-full" height="499" src="https://cdn.telanganatoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Op-Snip-5.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: middle;" width="842" /></div>
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Urban Green</h3>
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Rapid urbanisation at the expense of agricultural and natural land cover has an adverse impact on the health and psychological well-being of citizens, ecosystem and cultural associations. To meet the ever-increasing challenges of lack of green space and responsibility of providing ecosystem services to society, especially in urban areas, the government has identified 129 locations covering 64,000 ha and so far, 32 locations have been opened for public, a majority of which is managed by the forest department.</div>
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From this year, the government is planning to develop 95 urban parks throughout the State. Besides helping achieve the long-term objective of climate resilience, these parks are filling the much-awaited gap of decreased green cover outside forest areas.</div>
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Outside Forests</h3>
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Since the beginning of the programme, the necessity of raising green cover with the active involvement of people has drawn the attention of policymakers resulting in prioritising and focusing more on outside forest areas followed by suitable policy and legally supportive provisions. Be it institutional planting by different departments in school premises, bund of agricultural fields, lands of toddy tappers’ societies, lands of religious institutions or rural and urban highways, sufficient provisions were made to ensure both money and material to tackle areas under afforestation programmes.</div>
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To ensure accountability and ease of monitoring of the progress of plantations, technological tools like geotagging is also being used. Since launching of the programme in 2015, so far 182.74 crore seedlings (134.47 crore outside forest areas and 48.27 crore inside forests) have been planted all over the State till March 2020 involving all stakeholders.</div>
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Green Action</h3>
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The landmark policy initiatives of the government to accord priority to the environment in the recently amended PR Act and Municipal Act are worth mentioning. Aimed at entrusting roles and responsibilities among panchayats and municipalities for planting and protection of trees, their survival (85%) and with a provision for the green fund, these proactive policies and legal interventions, coupled with institutional and financial support, show a strong political will, care and concern for the very neglected sector of the environment. These are bound to change with the active participation of all stakeholders at the grassroots level.</div>
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The target-oriented strategy of Telangana Ku Haritha Haram can help address the environmental challenges in an integrated manner with gradual policy support accompanied by financial and institutional interventions. These interventions with strong political will, concerted persuasion and focus over a period of time are succeeding in transforming the target-oriented approach into quality-based initiatives, leading to a social movement.</div>
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<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">(The author is Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Telangana)</span></em><br />
<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">as appeared in TELANGANA TODAY</span></em><br />
<a href="https://telanganatoday.com/green-strides-to-a-social-movement">https://telanganatoday.com/green-strides-to-a-social-movement</a><br />
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Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-52773155851867943282020-05-25T16:13:00.000+05:302020-05-25T16:13:17.635+05:30WHILE BUILDING BACK BETTER, CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="nl nz av ce nn b no np oa nq nr ob ns nt oc nu nv od nw nx oe ny oh hb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="7ffd" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="y oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq cx" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">T</span>he scientific communities across the globe have in almost unanimity concluded that the relation between man and nature is fundamentally flawed which has resulted in a pandemic. Unlike other disasters, the devastation of Corona has gone beyond all protocols or man-made distinctions on the lines of race, power, occupation, social status, sex, age etc compelling us to accept the fact that we all are equal and we all are connected and interlinked with each other including all life forms or in other words human existence is linked with its interaction and connection with biodiversity. The more we attempt to disregard and disturb this link with our acts or omissions, the more we cause damage to our existence. Playing with nature with scant regard to rejuvenation and healing can lead to catastrophic consequences for the survival of mankind.</div>
<div class="nl nz av ce nn b no np oa nq nr ob ns nt oc nu nv od nw nx oe ny oh hb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="e296" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="y oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq cx" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">W</span>hen we refer to nature, the most relevant explanation goes to Biodiversity which in layman’s term is the variety of all life forms of the earth in land, water and air such as plants, animals and other minute life forms like fungi, bacteria etc. As per UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Biodiversity of all life forms is so diverse, complex and unexplored that out of nearly <a class="da fl or os ot ou" href="https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/biodiversity/elements_of_biodiversity/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">13 million species of total plants and animals available on earth</a>, majority of them (around 11.25 million species) are yet to be identified and only 1.75 million are known to us. India, which is one of the 17 megadiverse countries and ranked 10th among plant rich countries, has 4 biodiversity hotspots. Concerning agrobiodiversity, India once used to be home of <a class="da fl or os ot ou" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/from-110000-varieties-of-rice-to-only-6000-now/article3284453.ece" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">around 1.1 lakhs rice varieties</a> before the green revolution and presently <a class="da fl or os ot ou" href="https://www.scoopwhoop.com/india-biodiversity-beauty-wildlife/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">33% of the world’s plant species are found only in India</a>. It is this complex interaction and interlinkage between man and other life forms that have made earth worth living since time immemorial.</div>
<div class="nl nz av ce nn b no np oa nq nr ob ns nt oc nu nv od nw nx oe ny oh hb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="fbc3" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="y oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq cx" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">B</span>urgeoning human population, increasing consumption and decreasing resource efficiency are the main factors responsible for the loss of habitats, uncontrolled exploitation of resources, pollution, the prevalence of invasive species and climate change prompted challenges like global warming which are causing biodiversity loss across the globe. The arrogant association of man with nature has fuelled these challenges enormously. The loss of global biodiversity is the most challenging and a major threat to the very existence of human being, even though it has received much less attention than climate change. As per <a class="da fl or os ot ou" href="https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/all_publications/living_planet_report_2018/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Living Planet Report</a>, since 1970 there has been a 58% decline of global species population while the freshwater species have declined by 83 %. Added to this, the ever-increasing and never satiating greed of man has increased the global demands for food and other commodities causing degradation, depletion of natural resources and widespread primate habitat loss. The current crisis also has been attributed as a result of habitat changes forcing animals and their pathogens (virus) to shift their base, including those areas which are populated by people.</div>
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A moot point worth pondering is the fact that despite repeated policy commitments be it the <a class="da fl or os ot ou" href="https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">CBD Aichi Target</a> 5 aiming to reduce the loss of all-natural habitat by 2020 at 50 % or Target 12 aiming to prevent the extinction of species or the recently <a class="da fl or os ot ou" href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">SDG goals 14 and 15</a> aiming at conservation and sustainable resources use for halting biodiversity loss, the declination of biodiversity is continuing.</div>
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<span class="y oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq cx" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">T</span>he present scenario of corona crisis is akin to what famous conservationist Rachel Carson once stated: <em class="og" style="box-sizing: inherit;">“…man is part of nature and his war against nature is inevitably a war against himself”.</em> <span class="nn of" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“Our Solutions are in Nature”</span> is the theme of this year’s Biodiversity which very aptly reiterates the importance of biodiversity as the solution to sustainable development challenges arising mainly due to anthropogenic acts including urbanisation, desertification, deforestation causing climate change and other problems relating to the security of food, water and livelihood issues.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 66px; letter-spacing: -0.003em;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.003em;">ndia with age-old traditions of adopting principles of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.003em;"> </span><a class="da fl or os ot ou" href="https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/vasudhaiva-kutumbakam-673195" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84)\" /></svg>"); letter-spacing: -0.003em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span class="nn of" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”</span> </a><span style="letter-spacing: -0.003em;">( the whole world is one single family) and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.003em;"> </span><a class="da fl or os ot ou" href="https://medium.com/@sampadanandamishra/the-source-of-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83-sarve-bhavantu-sukhina%E1%B8%A5-9023e23773a0" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84)\" /></svg>"); letter-spacing: -0.003em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span class="nn of" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“Sarve Bhavantu Sukhin”:</span></a><span style="letter-spacing: -0.003em;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.003em;">(May All become Happy) had always been championing and practising the conservation of biodiversity and environment. This had strongly determined the lives and activities of people in the past. The concept of conservation also gets reflected in ancient Indian texts like Arthshastra, Veda and, Manusmriti.</span></div>
<div class="nl nz av ce nn b no np oa nq nr ob ns nt oc nu nv od nw nx oe ny oh hb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="8710" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="y oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq cx" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">T</span>wo main concepts of Gandhian doctrine which have most of the solutions to meet the present challenges of biodiversity loss are related to consumerism and ahimsa. Gandhi’s idea of adopting sensible consumption (enough for everyone’s need) and Ahimsa which prohibits the consumption of other life forms including wildlife have more relevance in the present circumstances of the pandemic. The sensible consumption and waste reduction which involve the active participation of all stakeholders apart from strong policy intervention with genuine concerns are the only way forward to address the challenges of biodiversity loss and are a step towards sustainable management of natural resources.</div>
<div class="nl nz av ce nn b no np oa nq nr ob ns nt oc nu nv od nw nx oe ny oh hb" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="d863" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-top: 2em; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="y oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq cx" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: left; font-size: 66px; line-height: 0.83; margin-right: 12px; padding-top: 7px; position: relative;">T</span>he solutions and strategies to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss are very complex which involve participation and action form multiple groups including civil society. While attempts to revive the economic growth are inevitable and need of the hour, we should also ensure that our actions and strategies should not go against the grain of nature. It is high time to take cognizance of natural services and ecosystem services while planning for revival interventions for ensuring a balance between economics and the environment. With recent experience of pandemic and significance of the environment in the overall well-being of humanity, the corporations across the world need to rework their strategies towards conservation of biodiversity. The continued poor allocation to environment-related interventions under the CSR has to be re-evaluated and accordingly reworked. The Indian government’s recent <a class="da fl or os ot ou" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/biodiversity-must-be-protected-loss-linked-to-infections-environment-ministry-1670849-2020-04-25" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">intention of seeking CSR funding for Biodiversity protection</a> is a welcome beginning to celebrate this year’s Biodiversity day. The dreaded pandemic has reminded us to bring transformative changes with due consideration to environmental ingredients. Let us tread carefully while adopting the approach of <span class="nn of" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">“business as usual”</span>. Let the learnings from past experiences, successes and challenges, fortified with the dedication to <a class="da fl or os ot ou" href="https://www.un.org/en/un-coronavirus-communications-team/un-urges-countries-%E2%80%98build-back-better%E2%80%99" rel="noopener nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 0px calc(1em + 1px); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; http: //www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\" stroke=\"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84)\" /></svg>"); text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">build back better,</a> lead us to enter into a new era of a balanced world by creating more sustainable, resilient and inclusive societies.</div>
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<a href="https://medium.com/@mcpargaien/while-building-back-better-conserve-biodiversity-22eb37bb1de">https://medium.com/@mcpargaien/while-building-back-better-conserve-biodiversity-22eb37bb1de</a></div>
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Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-39811352461063000592020-04-22T14:48:00.003+05:302020-04-22T14:48:58.909+05:30LET THE MOTHER EARTH NOT BE REVENGEFUL <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Kohinoor Devanagari";">यस्यामिदं</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Kohinoor Devanagari";">जिन्वति</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Kohinoor Devanagari";">प्राणदेजत्सा</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Kohinoor Devanagari";">नो</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Kohinoor Devanagari";">भूमिः</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Kohinoor Devanagari";">पूर्वपेये</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Kohinoor Devanagari";">दधातु</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Yasyaam-Idam Jinvati Praannad-Ejat-Saa No Bhuumih Puurva-Peye Dadhaatu</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">In Her (Mother Earth) indeed is alive all Lives, May She bestow us with that Life. (Athervaveda)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Today when the dreaded virus of minuscule size has engulfed the whole world causing massive and unprecedented havoc, miseries of umpteen proportions killing more than 1.6 lakh people and infecting nearly 24 lakh people, bringing the world economy to a standstill besides leaving millions of people inside their homes with no work and with no sign of early recovery, people have started to accept this unexpected upheaval and fury as a retaliation of the Mother Earth in response to misdeeds of man and unabated onslaught on her.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Long back in 1970 under the guidance of Gaylord Nelson, the people of US celebrated first earth day on 22nd April in response to their protest against the industrial revolution which was later renamed by the United Nations in 2009 as International Mother Earth Day to celebrate to recognise and remind that Earth and its various ecosystems are the base of existence of human race and hence are required to maintain perfect harmony with Nature. Despite having known all negative consequences of continued exploitation of Earth and its varied resources to meet both the need and greed in the guise of development, globalization and consumerism, we have continued to plunder and exploit earth beyond its carrying capacity and without giving a little time for it to rejuvenate. Gary Gardner Director of research for World watch rightly states that “Most of the environmental issues we see today can be linked to consumption,". Anthropogenic induced global greenhouse emission has resulted into various catastrophes such as climate change, biodiversity extinction, reduced food security, melting glaciers, heat waves, and droughts, thereby putting enormous pressure on Earth with painful boomerang effects. The theme of this year’s Earth Day (2020) while celebrating its 50th anniversary is also focussing on action on climate change which is identified as the biggest challenge for the survival of human being.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">continued supremacy of development over the environment and lack of priority and concern for various environmental challenges among policymakers has also aggravated this onslaught of varied proportions on Mother Earth. This supremacy of development coupled with audacity has made man to declare himself as a Supreme species. This is evident from one of the narrations of René Descartes (1596–1650) where he said that “we might also apply them(fire, water, air, the stars, the heavens) in the same way….and thus render ourselves the lords and possessors of nature”<span style="background: white;">. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Like a caring and loving mother, Earth had been responding with anger through signals of varied nature in the past at regular intervals be it an earthquake, floods, Tsunamis or raising of water levels and last but not the least, epidemics/pandemic of various kinds including the last one of SARS. However, we humans have never cared and dared to introspect a little to look back and to listen to those signals and warnings with far-reaching implications. In one of the studies, it was established that nearly two-third of infectious diseases including SARS, MERS, EBOLA, AIDS etc originate from wildlife and the possibility of the link between consumption of wildlife and present COVID-19 can not be ruled out which reflects direct impact of the destruction of biodiversity and habitats by human beings. People across the globe have now started realizing the delicacy of maintaining a balance between earth and human mistreatment of the environment due to this pandemic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Though it is too early to comment as to when we will be completely free from this pandemic, this has forced us to think and look back to introspect and revaluate as to how we should respond to this crisis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">It is sheer human tendency to forget once we overcome any critical phase such as this pandemic. However, we should be wary of the fact that if the actions and corrective measures are not complemented with serious commitment without camouflaging or greenwashing of such actions, then the human race will not be in a position to handle a similar situation in future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Let’s celebrate this Mother Earth day with renewed commitment and concern that apart from our personal and community efforts, we should ensure that we take genuine and visible actions at various levels including policy interventions and commitments post-COVID-19, and aim towards maintaining a delicate balance between development/consumerism and fragile environment, for a long-cherished goal of sustainable development. Only genuine concerns in this direction with committed efforts duly promoting a holistic approach to harmony with mother earth can act as a silver lining at the end of the existing dark and gloomy tunnel. Humans need to devise new mechanisms using technologies and brains in areas where we have plundered resources and come out with rejuvenating and pro-environmental interventions aiming at our peaceful coexistence with mother earth. This soul-searching act alone will be a befitting response at this juncture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Mohan Chandra Pargaien<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Senior IFS officer of Telangana State, India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">(Views are personal)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="mailto:mcpargaien@gmail.com" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">mcpargaien@gmail.com</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration-line: underline;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Twitter</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration-line: underline;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">@pargaien</span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">An abridged version of this article has also appeared in The New Indian Express and can be viewed at following link</span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/apr/22/neglected-through-the-ages-mother-earth-strikes-back-at-consumerism-2133569.html">https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/apr/22/neglected-through-the-ages-mother-earth-strikes-back-at-consumerism-2133569.html</a></span></div>
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Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-51136039475548442402020-04-03T21:31:00.000+05:302020-04-03T21:34:26.796+05:30Forests Play A Huge Role In Mitigating Climate Change, So Why Are We Destroying Them?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Being one of the marvellous boons of God, forests support countless and diverse species, and are essential to the lives of people and wildlife. Forests play a significant role in stabilizing climate, regulating the water regime besides providing a source of livelihood for more than a billion people along with other ecological, economic, spiritual, social and health benefits. It is estimated that nearly 25 crores people are having dependence on forest for subsistence and livelihood. Forests are known to be an excellent sink for carbon dioxide pollution, the single biggest factor of global warming.</div>
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Forests across the globe are being destroyed at an alarming rate of <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/mar/21/indias-forests-are-still-in-danger-2119547.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">18.7 million hectares every year</a>, which means every second, we are losing a forest equivalent to 7000 sq meter area causing a significant addition to global greenhouse emission contributing to climate change. Further considerable forest areas are getting swiped away mainly to accommodate various developmental needs, and this excludes equally huge extent of forests which are under encroachment by the local committees.</div>
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<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-572964" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_572964" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "times new roman", "bitstream charter", Times, serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; width: 610px;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-572964 " height="359" src="https://dz01iyojmxk8t.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/28095938/deforestation_in_myanmar.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="610" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-572964" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-top: 5px;">Forests across the globe are being destroyed at an alarming rate of 18.7 million hectares every year.</figcaption></figure><br />
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The need to protect and develop the existing forest becomes essential keeping the ever-increasing degradation of the environment, including forest and resultant challenges of climate in view. The new <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/draft-national-forest-policy-cleared-cabinet-to-take-decision-67945" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">forest policy of India</a> has accordingly shifted its focus to declining forest cover and climate change along with the issue of man-animal conflict.</div>
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Keeping the significance of various kinds of forests across the globe and awareness about their multifarious roles and importance of education at all levels in achieving sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation, the UN General Assembly on 21 December 2012 decided to observe 21 March of each year as the International Day of Forests.</div>
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India has around 22% of its cover under forest against the mandated 33%, and as per one report, India <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/world-resource-institute-report-revealed-india-has-lost-its-forest-cover-four-times-the-size-of-goa/articleshow/69056803.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">lost over 1.6 million hectares </a>of forest from 2001 to 2018. It is estimated that approximately <a href="https://www.iufro.org/download/file/7400/5122/India_pdf/)" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">5.7 million hectares </a>of forest land in India have been used for various non-forestry purposes since independence, out of which approximately 4.5 million ha was diverted during the 1950-1980 period and remaining 1.2 million hectares after the enactment of the Forest (Conservation) Act in 1980.</div>
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However, the recent reports of the Ministry of Environment of Forests indicate the <a href="https://india.mongabay.com/2020/01/indias-forest-cover-is-rising-but-northeast-and-tribals-lose/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">increase</a> in India’s forest cover with total forest and tree cover is 80.73 million hectares which are <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1597987" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">24.56 of </a>the country’s geographical area.</div>
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One of the major challenges affecting the forestry sector in India is grazing. With more than 75% forest area subjected to grazing and other uses, coupled with another factor of shifting cultivation and encroachment over 10 m ha of forest area accounting around 78% of forest area, these two factors affect both the regeneration and productivity of our forests adversely.</div>
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Another equally challenging problem being faced by the forestry sector is its low productivity and inability to meet the burgeoning land-based needs of various cross sectors for a variety of purposes. At present, there is no specific strategy to meet the challenge of the gap between demand and supply for non-forest produce like grasses, seeds, medicines, fodder, etc., which is leading to unscientific exploitation and degradation of forests.</div>
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Another irony of present forest management is the neglect of the importance of areas outside forests which are not only having the vast potential to meet the target of green cover but can also provide much solace to the ever-growing need of timber and bamboo duly strengthening the gaps byways of suitable policy interventions, perfect institutional support with finances and linkages. The shifting cultivation and encroachment being the direct upshot of poverty and more of a social challenge need specific and integrated strategies with cross-sector involvement for its redressal.</div>
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<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-48205" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_48205" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "times new roman", "bitstream charter", Times, serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; width: 607px;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-48205 " height="455" src="https://dz01iyojmxk8t.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/06081005/trees.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="607" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-48205" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-top: 5px;">India has around 22% of its cover under forest against the mandated 33%, and as per one report, India lost over 1.6 million hectares of forest from 2001 to 2018. Image Via Getty.</figcaption></figure><br />
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The capacities and capabilities of forests have been greatly affected due to population-induced exploitation, urbanisation and industrialisation with scant regards to the environment. This is one of the reasons for the continued decline in the contribution of the forestry sector to the GDP in India, which is less than 2% without taking into important services like carbon sequestration, amelioration of air, conserving water and soil, supporting biological diversity, etc., into account. Professor T. M. Das of the University of Calcutta for the first time arrived at the economic valuation of all goods and services of a tree of <a href="http://www.herinst.org/envcontext/valuing/price/pricingarticles.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">50 years worth $188,000</a> at 1979 rate.</div>
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However, the continued supremacy of development over the environment including forests and lack of priority has remained unchanged since independence and failed to motivate our policymakers to accord priority by allocating sufficient budget to this sector which has never crossed 1% of total budgetary allocation since independence.</div>
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The overall degradation of existing forest conditions coupled with the changes and shift in weather and climate due to global climatic changes has made the job of foresters more difficult while taking up both rejuvenation of existing degraded forests or afforesting the new areas. This challenge requires additional financial and technical inputs, along with dedicated research and development interventions for better results.</div>
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Forests being the fixed land resources are facing the toughest challenges from various cross sectors of multiplying magnitude. The situation becomes more complex for forestry sector, which is having its unique problems of lack of care/concerns and awareness about forests and their roles, lack of real valuation of forests and their actual contribution to the economy, insufficient fund allocation and priorities among policymakers despite having one of the best legal, policy framework and institutional arrangements, which are required for the sustainable development of forests in the country.</div>
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The challenges and problems which the forests across the globe are facing now need some drastic and revolutionary measures, including policy interventions and prioritised actions with financial support both at a local and global level. This is crucial to control the pace of deforestation and develop the existing degraded forest through various interventions, which constitute nearly 20% of the forest area.</div>
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Another point to ponder this forestry day is about lack of genuine concern about the trees in particular almost among all stakeholders. We are religiously celebrating Van Mahotsava Programme since independence, which has turned out as one of the funniest and most ritualistic programmes, mainly due to lack of required policy and monetary support and also a priority, both among policymakers, administrators and public.</div>
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Even if the meagre 25% of all the trees planted under Van Mahotsava had survived, we would not have seen any blank space available. Therefore, the issue of post-planting care for survival and protection of trees needs utmost priority and attention.</div>
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The recent <a href="https://telanganatoday.com/green-great-wall-of-telangana" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">policy initiatives</a> of the government of Telangana amidst this scenario of challenges, which the environment sector is facing are worth emulating. The amendment in P.R. Act and Municipal Acts duly giving priority to the environment are aimed at entrusting roles and responsibilities among panchayats and municipalities for planting and protection of trees, their survival (85%) and also a provision for the green fund.</div>
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These proactive policy and legal interventions, coupled with institutional and financial support are indicative of a strong political will, care and concern for the very neglected sector of environment and bound to influence the state of affairs of the forestry sector, too, in future. Besides, the decision of the government of giving more priority to planting trees outside reserved forest with the active involvement of all stakeholders has also filled the much-awaited gap to tackle the problem of increasing green cover outside forests area.</div>
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Also read: <a href="https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2020/02/mindless-deforestation-will-jeopardise-ecological-balance/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Here’s How Mindless Deforestation Will Jeopardise Ecological Balance In Kashmir</a></div>
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The ever-increasing human population and resultant exploitation of natural resources, including forests, are bound to aggravate the problem of deforestation and global warming. Hence, the only way to address these problems is to formulate appropriate policy initiatives and interventions aiming at proper management and sustainable utilisation of forest resources duly providing linkages between growing demands and supplies.</div>
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Active involvement of various stakeholders and communities can surely help to restore the degraded forests and afforest new areas to achieve much-desired productivity and sustainability of our precious forests in the long run to meet the multiple goals including challenges of climate change. Following steps may provide help in this direction:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Since involvement of people to take up planting outside forests area is one of the major target and challenge areas there is need to support and encourage programmes like<a href="https://www.afforestt.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"> <u style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</u>fforest</a>, <a href="https://www.saytrees.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">say trees</a>, <a href="https://www.projectgreenhands.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Project Green Hands</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">,</span> <a href="https://sankalptaru.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Sankalpataru</a>, <a href="https://www.grow-trees.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Grow-trees</a>, <a href="http://www.greenyatra.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Green Yatra</a> and <a href="https://www.reforestindia.in/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Reforest</a> to name a few, with the active involvement of youth, NGO and other stakeholders with sufficient financial input and backward and forward linkages for their survival.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The people should note that merely by taking green pledges and participating in planting programmes like Annual Van Mahotsava as an official ceremony or formality without ensuring the mechanisms and provisions for post-planting maintenance even for a single plant will not be helpful to achieve the very purpose of tree planting. Hence, any such programme should invariably be linked with post-planting care and protection at least for two years.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Before taking up any planting programme, we should ensure that selection of species is discussed adequately, duly prioritising mixed plantations of <a href="https://emswcd.org/native-plants/native-plant-benefits/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">native (indigenous) species</a> against the monoculture (plantation of single species ) or exotics, which are more effective to tackle climate change or preserve the biodiversity of a particular area.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Since much of the degradation of our forests is due to the dependence of communities for their livelihood purposes, there is need to explore locally suiting models and programmes where both the income generation and tree protections are ensured as a win-win situation.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/reforestation-necessarily-planting-trees-200116113657413.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Restoration and reforestation of existing degraded forests</a> across the globe are also considered as a cheaper alternative to new planting, which should also be equally given due importance. This not only involves less technology but also is considerably cheaper being around 70% cheaper as well as highly effective.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Of late, there have been <a href="https://www.thebetterindia.com/109828/10-common-people-individual-effort-tree-plantation/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">extraordinary initiatives at the individual level</a> in the areas of tree plantation and their protection in various parts of the country. All such individual initiatives require due recognition and encouragement at appropriate levels so that more and more committed and caring individuals join the tree planting and protection programmes.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The<a href="https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2020/02/engaging-youth-in-climate-change-in-indian-context/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d30000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"> role of youth in all kinds of climate change mitigation</a> and forest preservation programmes is very vital; hence they can be identified as a good connecting link between NGOs (Non-Governmental Organisation )/IGO (Inter-Governmental Organisations) on one side and local communities on the other sides and initiate their various interventions and actions in reforestation and forest protection activities including plantations.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Last but not least, continued initiatives of awareness duly using a variety of media will not only help in understanding the role and importance of forests but also assist in developing a positive attitude and proactive action towards the much-desired objective of sustainable development.</li>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , "bitstream charter" , "times" , serif; font-size: 16px;">Mohan Chandra Pargaien (Senior IFS officer of Telangana State)</span></div>
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(Views are personal)Twitter @pargaien</div>
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<a href="https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2020/04/why-one-should-be-caring-and-concerned-about-forests/">https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2020/04/why-one-should-be-caring-and-concerned-about-forests/</a><br />
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Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-9680979166847961142020-03-21T21:19:00.001+05:302020-04-03T12:37:17.169+05:30INDIA'S FORESTS ARE STILL IN DANGER<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><b>Today is World Forestry Day:</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><b>C</b>overing nearly one-third of the landmass, forests play an essential role in supporting countless and diverse species besides providing umpteen goods, services and livelihood for a large percentage of world population. Unfortunately, forests across the globe are being destroyed at an alarming rate of around 18.7 million hectares per year, which means every second we are losing a forest equivalent to 7,000 sq. metre area.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">In view of achieving sustainable forest management along with biodiversity conservation, UN General Assembly in December 2012 decided to observe March 21 every year as International Day of Forests.<br />Although a recent report by Ministry of Environment and Forests indicated an increase in India’s forest cover, which stands at 80.73 million hectares, constituting 24.56 per cent of country’s geographical area against the mandated 33 per cent, it may be mentioned that the country lost over 1.6 million hectares of forest area between 2001 to 2018.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Further, 5.7 million hectares of forest land is estimated to have been used for various non-forestry purposes since independence, of which approximately 4.5 million ha was diverted between 1950-1980 and 1.2 million hectares since enactment of Forest (Conservation) Act in 1980.Industrialisation and urbanisation with scant regards to environment and dependence of nearly 25 crore people on forest for subsistence put a huge pressure on forests in India, resulting in their diversion and degradation.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Contribution of forestry sector to GDP is calculated to be less than 2 per cent as it does not take into account important services like carbon sequestration, amelioration of air, conserving water and soil, supporting biological diversity etc. Supremacy of development over environment, including forests has remained unchanged since independence. It has failed to motivate our policy makers to accord higher priority to forests by allocating more, which presently is not even 1 percent of total budgetary allocation.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Grazing affects more than 75 per cent forest area whereas shifting cultivation and encroachment spread over 10 million hectares, accounting to around 78 per cent. These and other challenges to forestry sector affect regeneration and productivity of forests. At present, there is no specific strategy to meet gap between demand and supply for non-forest produce like grasses, seeds, medicines, fodder etc leading to unscientific exploitation. Neglect of areas outside forests and need of timber and bamboo are additional challenges.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Despite this grim scenario of challenges faced by forestry sector, some recent policy initiatives including that by Telangana government accord priority to environment, like the amended PR Act and Municipal Acts. The State government also launched the Telangana ku Haritha Haram tree planting programme in 2015 covering areas outside and inside reserved forests which receives priority in financial and policy support. So far, nearly 183 crore seedlings have been planted against targeted 230 crore and has started development of 95 locations as urban parks.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">There is need to amalgamate policy initiatives and interventions aiming at proper management and sustainable utilisation of forest resources duly providing linkages between growing demands and supplies. Active involvement of various stakeholders and communities will also help in achieving much-desired productivity and sustainability of our precious forests in long run to meet goals including challenges of climate change.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Mohan Chandra Pargaien</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">(Views express are personal)</span></div>
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Appeared in The New Indian Express</div>
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<a href="https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/c/50185032">https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/c/50185032</a></div>
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Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-12016576644289075222020-02-18T16:36:00.001+05:302020-02-18T16:36:06.633+05:30ENGAGING YOUTH IN CLIMATE CHANGE IN INDIAN CONTEXT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Recent upsurge and activism among youth across the globe responding to
prevailing environmental degradation including climate change has brought their
active role into the forefront. The youth with enormous power and potential to
transform our societies<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>towards a
sustainable, low carbon and climate-resilient future are now shouldering this
responsibility and challenges with multifarious approaches and strategies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Whether it is one of the poorest global rankings in Environmental
Protection Index (177 out of 180 as per EPI 2018 ) or being fourth highest the global emitter of carbon dioxide and sixth largest GHG emitter or witnessing
12.5 per cent of all deaths due to air pollution, India is grappling with<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>environmental challenges coupled with growing
problems of poverty and population.<span style="background: white;"> </span>With
half of its population under the age of 25 , the youth in India has enormous
roles and responsibilities with high expectation of people to counter the
challenges of climate change<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">A cursory glance of recently emerged waves of activism among the youth
indicates the preponderance of reactive approach to deal with the ongoing
climate change issues are it global warming or increased CO2 emission or loss of
biodiversity, there has been<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uproar and
protest to control and promulgate drastic policy changes to take<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> concrete</span>, visible and drastic action by policymakers aiming to meet these challenges. We should
also, keep this fact in mind that the success of any such reactive approach depends
largely upon the positive response among<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>policymakers who are not much responsive to these<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mainly due to subordinacy of environment to
economic growth and also due to the fact that the environmental conversation
efforts by and large warrant compromising with individual’s comfort and
convenience and any such drastic action not only hamper the much required
economic growth but also invite the wrath of people. Further the environmental
programmes in developing countries including India<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are targeted mainly towards mitigation
measures like planting trees, adopting energy-efficient technologies for
optimum utilisation, combating pollution, conservation and protection of
natural resources which include forest and wildlife etc. The adaptation as a
strategy to counter climate change-related problems, by and large, does not suit
politically, economically and socially since a sizeable population in
developing countries live below the poverty line for whom the survival is more
important than the concern and care <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for
environment and this sole reason desist the policymakers from taking drastic
policy decisions and regulations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">With this kind of prevailing state of affairs in the background, the more desirable and long-lasting approach is to adopt proactive strategies which
are more effective and workable in the long run for a country like<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>India where the youth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>can play an active and contributory role in
awareness building, campaigning, encouraging sustainable lifestyles,
developing and conserving biodiversity, supporting eco-friendly practices in
usage of water, energy etc and facilitating mitigative interventions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aimed at controlling and tackling challenges
of climate change. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">It the youth of today who is going to bear the brunt the consequences of
climate change predominantly hence their uproar, apprehension and concern is
genuine and warrants<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>immediate
cognizance and action.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">There are various ways and means which the youth can adopt for
becoming<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an active partner in ongoing
programmes of the governments aiming at climate change. Participation of people
including youth has already been identified as one of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the proven and tested strategies of
governance and implementation of various programmes for the last few decades.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The list of activities through which youth can engage themselves in
various ongoing programmes of climate change are enormous and many of these
depend upon local conditions requiring<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>suitable changes for making the strategy workable. However few of the
common activities which can always act as integral components of any such
engagements seeking direct or indirect involvement of youth are summarised as
under. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Involving
people </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">(children, college students,
villagers and other stakeholders ) for making them aware through various
forums.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Motivation
of various stakeholders</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> for
adopting <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sustainable/eco-friendly
approaches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Talking about climate change</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Joining
ongoing movements</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> aiming
at climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Campaigns</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> involving various social media platforms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Practising
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">the mitigation and adaptation interventions
at a personal level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lobbying</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> through mass movement/various stakeholders
like children, local citizen, villagers<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>or through any NGOs for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>specified
purposes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Awareness
building</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">, rallies, peaceful
demonstration etc on local issues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Taking
part in action-based activities</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> like tree planting, waste collection and segregation, energy saving
interventions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with multiple
stakeholders.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Assisting and facilitating</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> local governments and other governmental and
non-governmental institutions in their climate mitigation programmes like tree
planting, soil and water conservation, energy conservation, usage of resources
etc. to make the programme effective and successful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Assisting <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the governmental and non-governmental</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> institutions in monitoring and evaluation of
programmes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Involving and assisting Local Panchayat Raj
Institutions and Urban Local Bodies.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> In this regards the recent initiative of the government of Telangana to
accord much-awaited and due priority to the environment in recently amended the P.R.Act
and Municipal Acts is worth mentioning wherein the Sarpanch and Secretary of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Panchayats and Chairperson and ward members <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Municipalities along with concerned government
officials have been entrusted roles and responsibilities with regards to
planting of trees and their protection, green action plan, the responsibility of
85% survival of plants and also a provision for green fund. This historic policy changes/legal support coupled with institutional and financial support <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are indicative of a strong political will,
care and concern for the environment <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by
making both public representative/heads and officials of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>local institutions and ULBs accountable and
concerned.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.</span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Palle Pragti (Village Development) and
Pattana Pragati (Town Development) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">are recently launched programmes of Telangana governments aiming at
comprehensive development of Villages and Towns (Urban Local
Bodies/Municipalities) with more emphasis on cleaning and greening, public
health, sanitation etc with the active participation of people. The youth can
become partners and torch bearers for various<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>governmental schemes under these programmes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by engaging themselves to meet the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>objectives of climate change strategies
suiting local conditions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The selection
of activities be it an action-based personal initiative or involving and motivating
various stakeholders for both mitigation and adaptation initiatives, the effectiveness
of any programme involving engagement with youth depend primarily on the suitability
and acceptability of such initiative and also on the response from the related agency
or government organisations hence require much of ice breaking and persuasion
in initial stages to start with any such programme of climate change but with
the high degree of commitment, innovative ideas, being interconnected and with
persuasive skills, the youth can easily overcome these initial impediments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <a href="mailto:mcpargaien@gmail.com">mcpargaien@gmail.com</a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Twitter : @pargaien<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><i>(The views
expressed are personal.)</i></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Also appeared in </span><a href="https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2020/02/engaging-youth-in-climate-change-in-indian-context/?success=1" style="text-align: left;">https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2020/02/engaging-youth-in-climate-change-in-indian-context/?success=1</a></div>
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Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-7303806599462693582018-08-05T21:28:00.002+05:302018-08-05T21:30:17.873+05:30SYNC PLANET AND PROFIT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, in association with the World Bank, recently released the latest round of the Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) rankings in which Telangana was again amongst the top. This achievement was a result of tireless efforts from the highest level, including very proactive policy reforms and procedural overhauling of existing delivery mechanisms relating to establishment of businesses.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The improved position of Indian States in the last few years is a clear indication of adoption of transparent administrative mechanisms and enabling environment for establishment of new business without major hiccups, procedural delays and other factors, which were once an essential part of the Licence Raj. These changes provided an enabling environment for budding entrepreneurs and businessmen to flourish by deriving maximum benefits and powered the much required growth in the States.</span></div>
<div class="newAdd" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7119991287654999" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="9385076211" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><ins id="aswift_1_expand" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; visibility: visible; width: 679px;"><ins id="aswift_1_anchor" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; visibility: visible; width: 679px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="170" hspace="0" id="aswift_1" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_1" scrolling="no" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 170px; left: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; top: 0px; width: 679px;" vspace="0" width="679"></iframe></span></ins></ins></ins></div>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.1667; margin: 25px 0px 15px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">Environment-friendly GDP</span></h3>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It is a well-known fact that the development is the sole agenda of today’s world and the recent improvement in rankings of States is bound to facilitate economic growth thereby steering them towards better GDP apart from providing employment and finally better living standards.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">However, at the same time, there is a need to give more thrust on other equally burning and challenging issues of development like education, access to safe drinking water, agriculture, health and hygiene and last but not the least conservation and protection of the environment, which are usually taking a back seat in the present day economies.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It is not surprising to note that these challenging issues, which influence and affect majority of the population of the developing countries, are an all-time favourite plank for pre-poll promises but hardly get the required attention, thrust and priority afterwards.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The policy-level recognition and thrust with concrete time-bound plans for some of these burning issues like safe drinking water for all, infra support and financial assistance to the agricultural sector and environmental conservation to name a few taken by the Telangana government in the last few years reflect clear departure from hitherto convention of ignoring these sectors, which are vital for the well-being of our society.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Right Balance</b></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The mission mode approach, policy interventions and financial support to address some of these under Mission Bhagiratha (supply of drinking water), Mission Kakatiya (tanks restoration), Rythu Bandhu (investment support to farmers) and Haritha Haram (increase of green cover) are a welcome change towards bringing the right balance between development and environment for sustainable development.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The role of corporations/business houses also assumes importance in this debate of development vs environment. It is imperative from the scope and concept of sustainable development that corporate houses must not operate under competitive pressures to achieve just short-term goals (profits), which endanger long-term objectives of environmental protection and intergenerational development.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the present day scenario of continued environmental degradation, it is highly expected that in addition to getting profits, the policy and actions of the corporate groups should also be proactive to provide enough space for long-term environmental protection goals and intergenerational considerations.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This is where the concept of environmental corporate social responsibility or green initiatives of CSR comes to the fore. According to recent findings, companies in Telangana spent around Rs 440 crore towards various CSR activities in 2016-17, excluding CSR spent on pan-India projects and on projects where they have officially not given State-wise CSR data. If that is also taken into account, it may easily cross Rs 600 crore.</span></div>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.1667; margin: 25px 0px 15px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Increased Allocation</span></h3>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Of the above spending, allocation towards the environment sector was only around 9% (approximately Rs 40 crore) in comparison to education (38%), healthcare (15%), miscellaneous (13%) and skill development (9%). In majority of the cases, the spending by companies towards the environment sector barring a few seems to be dispersed and scattered in approach thereby not showing any solid or considerable impact.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Across India, the priority to the environment sector in the CSR spending of previous years had also taken a back seat. This needs to be reworked and reoriented to nurture and foster the sustainable development goals, including environmental protection and conservation. The meagre budgetary allocation for various initiatives of this neglected sector also needs retrospection.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Against this backdrop, the initiatives of the Telangana government towards environmental conservation like Haritha Haram can further be strengthened and accelerated much before the expected time if corporate houses become an active partner and contribute to the State government’s mission of making green and sustainable Telangana and give back something very concrete to society and future generations.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Businesses should convey the message that while they do business for profit they also care for society, particularly the environment. This historic shift from EoDB to ZoMG (Zeal of Making Green) needs to be the new mantra of progressing Telangana. All sections of society should become partners in action and contribute their mite.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(The author is Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Karimnagar. Views are personal. mcpargaien@gmail.com)</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Also appeared in TELANGANA TODAY (</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">www.telanganatoday.com/sync-planet-and-profit)</span></span></div>
</div>
Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-84249455463263175582016-10-07T16:11:00.000+05:302016-10-07T16:11:22.881+05:30Afforestation in Telangana: Green Initiative of NTPC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 million tons of CO<sub style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">2</sub> equivalent through additional forest and tree cover is one of the significant components of Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of India that was submitted to the UNFCC in October 2015. The other two major components are to reduce emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030 from the 2005 level and to achieve 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.</div>
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The expectations of government to increase forests/tree cover in 5 million Ha and to improve quality of forest on another 5 million Ha., of forest / non forest areas once completed will increase carbon sequestration by about 100 million tons CO<sub style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">2</sub> equivalent every year. In a planned way the government has been taking up various afforestation activities both in government and private sectors including PSUs. Tree planting activity has become one of the best strategies to meet the challenge of climate change.</div>
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Joining the above movement to make the Country green and combat the challenges of climate change, the NTPC, one of the Maharatna companies which has already planted 20 million trees till date in and around its various projects has also planned to plant 10 million tress by 2026 in tune with INDC plan and strategy of government.</div>
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In order to fulfill the target of planting 5 lakhs tress in the State of Telangana over 10 years (2016-2026) the company has resolved to provide Rs.141 lakhs for this afforestation proposal. On 2<sup style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">nd</sup>September 2016, a MOU was also signed between Sri P.K.Jha Principal Chief Conservator of Forest Telangana (on behalf of State Forest department) and Mr. V.B. Fadnavis Regional Executive Director NTPC South (on behalf of NTPC) to take up afforestation in 35 hac of degraded forests in Kodangal range of Mehboobnagar Forest Division. The first installment of Rs. 28.38 lakhs has been recently released by the NTPC to DFO Mehboobnagar.</div>
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The initiative of NTPC to augment the efforts of Government in the matters of creation of additional carbon sink and combat other environmental challenges in sustainable manner is bound to ameliorate the existing degraded environment apart from acting as guiding model for other Corporations having inclination towards betterment of environment. Hope other Corporations also follow this new model of partnership with State Forest departments in the country.</div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #595959; font-family: Montserrat, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 2; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disclaimer:</strong> Author’s views are personal. </em></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #595959; font-family: Montserrat, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 2; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Also appeared in http://indiacsr.in/afforestation-in-telangana-green-initiative-of-ntpc/</em></div>
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Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-48331865540167200732016-10-06T13:27:00.000+05:302016-10-06T13:27:23.478+05:30Green initiatives of Corporations and Environmental CSR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The KPMG in its latest report <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">India’s CSR reporting survey 2015</em> has explored CSR initiatives and compliance of top 100 listed companies in India as mandated in Companies Act 2013 and Rules. It is heartening to observe that the mandatory provisions like making CSR policy available on web <span style="white-space: nowrap;">domain,</span> CSR disclosure in annual report etc. are now by and large being complied by all the companies (except a few) after the enactment of Company Law, 2013.</div>
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Charity, donations and other philanthropic activities, which are now termed as CSR in modern term, had been an integral part of business activities in the past across the globe including India. In our country after independence (post 1990 era) liberalization, globalization and privatization have facilitated phenomenal rise in economic growth of companies and simultaneously their quest and efforts to achieve sustainable development further necessitated adoption of various CSR initiatives more conspicuously as their contribution to society.</div>
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As per Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), during 2014-15 a total of 6338 crore rupees were spent on CSR activities by 51 Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and 409 Private companies. As per report of Ernst & Young, the mandate of spending 2% of average profits of the past three years on CSR activities may cover around 8000 companies under its ambit and bring approximately Rs. 14000 to 15000 crores per annum for various CSR activities. The expectations from this policy change are likely to offer new windows of opportunities both for the Corporate and government not only to assist and supplement the ongoing programmes of government for its various social, economic and environmental interventions but also to provide opportunities for new innovations to Corporate while addressing various challenges to achieve equitable and sustainable economic development thereby ensuring maximum possible contribution from business(s).</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Environmental Performance Index</strong></div>
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Yale and Columbia University in its recently published Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2016 has ranked India at 144<sup style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup> place among 180 countries with over all score of 53.58.</div>
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One bright side of 2016 ranking of India is 20% improvement in various parameters in last 10 years specially in sanitation and waste water treatment but the deteriorated air quality due to emission from power plants, industries, fossil fuel burning etc which has placed India at almost bottom (178 th place) is quite deploring and call for urgent and concentrated efforts to improve it. The Corporates need to expand their ongoing endeavors in these directions.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Development agenda in priority</strong></div>
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It is well know fact that the developmental agenda always finds top priority for any country and more specifically for developing nations in order to meet its multifarious demands. To fulfill this the States are bound to promote and encourage (some time out of turn) support to Corporate groups and companies which is the need of hour to fulfill various obligations /expectations and economic prosperity. The recent initiatives like Ease of doing business (EODB) of Central government and TS iPass of Telangana state apart from similar initiatives of other state governments are almost akin to post 1990 reforms that have helped to facilitate timely establishment of business activities as part of developmental process.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Doing business in Telangana</strong></div>
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Apart form this the State governments provide various incentives like allotment of land at concessional prices, rebates on various utilities, tax reliefs etc to them. However keeping the goals of sustainable development in view, it is also desirable that the third pillar of sustainable development i.e., Environment apart form economic and social development also gets equal consideration from all quarters. It is imperative from the scope and concept of Sustainable Development that corporate/ business organizations/ individuals must not operate under competitive pressures to achieve short-term goals (profits), which endanger long-term objectives of environmental protection and inter generational development.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Environmental degradation</strong></div>
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Same time in present days conditions of environmental degradation it is highly expected that in addition to getting profits, the policy and actions of the corporate groups including governments should be really proactive to provide enough space for long term goals of environmental protection and inter generational considerations. This is where the concept of environmental CSR or Green Initiatives of CSR comes into fore. Here it is also pertinent to mention that many of the Corporations have put into practice various interventions in the past aiming to reduce the environmental degradation like change of process, use of alternative/ green technology, optimum use of raw material, recycling, sustainable harvesting of raw materials etc. which are also part and parcel of the environmental concerns but in many of the cases the cost involved in the process is getting factored while doing the business.</div>
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In such a case it is debatable whether such initiatives of the Corporate though contributing to ameliorate the environment really qualify under the gamut of genuine CSR?</div>
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In aforesaid context and circumstances and considering the need of a healthy environment and equitable development for posterity, the environmental concerns of any locality need more attention, which is also applicable for Corporates while identifying the activities under CSR. The latest reports of various companies reflect the environmental issues as one of the priority activities’ under CSR initiatives.</div>
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The CSR reporting survey 2015 of KPMG further apprises that by and large CSR activities of companies are concentrated towards health and sanitation (26%) education (24%) and environment (11%) apart from rural development (9%), Women empowerment (4%) and others. However it is also a fact that in comparison to other equally challenging issues of education, poverty, health, sanitation etc. which the companies have been attempting to address in the past under CSR, the environment and related issues warrant more attention because ever increasing pace of development, burgeoning population pressure and use of inefficient productive technologies/over exploiting tendencies to gain maximum benefits etc. have resulted into degradation of environment including pollution.</div>
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This effect is more visible and prominent in the third world countries including India and it is an established fact that the degraded environmental conditions adversely affect the delicate balance between people and resources apart from affecting the health of people.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Environment and CSR</strong></div>
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In fact all morally driven initiatives under CSR including environment are considered as true CSR or ethically driven CSR initiatives, which really qualify under the CSR as, defined by Friedman. This is contrary to Strategic CSR which as observed by Eric Orts involves actions that appear to be motivated by higher social purposes and are, in fact, motivated by profits and also be termed as mere corporate social performance. David Baron further cited such efforts of extreme cases as simple deception or <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">green washing</em>.</div>
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However many of the corporate groups are now accommodating their efforts and initiatives related to conservation, protection and amelioration of environment from over exploitation of resources in their CSR action plan and all such activities can be clubbed under morally driven initiatives/Green Initiatives or ‘Environmental CSR’</div>
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Though the architecture of CSR is exclusively prerogative of any Corporations however in the present scenario and pro-developmental approach of State governments it is high time and desirable for Corporations to join hands with the State governments apart from NGOs and in-house trust or foundations to accord priority to environmental issues in their CSR plans to achieve the long term goals of sustainable development. This kind of joint approach will have following advantages.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">First</strong> the priority areas and issues of environmental degradation shall get more attention.<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Second</strong> the activities/initiatives can be continued for long time wherever required to achieve saturation thereby getting maximum advantage to stakeholders and recognition to Corporation.<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Third</strong> the pooling of funds (State and Corporation) will allow scaling up of efforts and fourth the approach will allow participation, which in turn bring more transparency for all the participating stakeholders. Other reason for advocating this partnership is the fact that in spite of vast number of (around 20 Lakhs) NGOs operating in the country, the availability of eligible NGOs to become partner for CSR activities is really very low mainly due to ‘trust deficit’ factor and also to some extent due to lack of professionalism as witnessed by many corporations.</div>
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Keeping the expected flow of fund in the years to come under CSR spending’s after Company 2013 act, there is need to involve more and more stakeholders right form in-house trusts/foundations, NGOs and government departments through a well designed and participatory model to address various environmental challenges which will sure to provide a win-win situation for the shareholders and governments and fulfill the ultimate objective of equitable and sustainable development.</div>
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Disclaimer: Views in the article are personal </div>
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Also appeared in <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=http://indiacsr.in/green-initiatives-of-corporations-and-environmental-csr/&source=gmail&ust=1475826705919000&usg=AFQjCNEZhvM25QWG0zC0J3gQcx3YlbokQw" href="http://indiacsr.in/green-initiatives-of-corporations-and-environmental-csr/" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;" target="_blank">http://indiacsr.in/<wbr></wbr>green-initiatives-of-<wbr></wbr>corporations-and-<wbr></wbr>environmental-csr/</a></div>
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Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-81718930993051054342015-08-04T21:28:00.002+05:302015-08-05T13:42:49.273+05:30US initiative for climate change - Better late then never <div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">US President Barrack Obama's recent announcement unveiling ambitious plan to combat climate change </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">(<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/opinion/obama-takes-a-crucial-step-on-climate-change.html?_r=0" target="_blank">Obama Takes a Crucial Step on Climate Change</a> ) under which he has proposed </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #232323; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.1599999964237213px; line-height: 24px;"> to cut carbon dioxide emissions by 32 percent compared to 2005 levels </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #232323;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1599999964237213px; line-height: 24px;">over the next 15 years has drawn the attention of both the supporters of climate change and </span></span></span><span style="color: #232323; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1599999964237213px; line-height: 24px;">critics .Apart from world wide praises and compliments the move has also been termed as </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"> "catastrophic," and "irresponsible and over-reaching" by fellow Americans and </span><span style="color: #404040;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 22px;">politicians . Being one of the richest countries and having access to all kinds of resources at their fingertips,the Americans need to put equal efforts by changing their attitude towards consumerism and life style which has made them one of the top CO2 emitters after China.</span></span></span></span><br />
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Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-88430135722588354152015-05-21T22:28:00.000+05:302015-05-21T22:28:15.071+05:30BLACK CARBON : Major threat to Environment <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">One
of the pollutants of recent origin, which is <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>also called as soot or tar,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Black carbon (BC) is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a product of incomplete combustion of coal,
diesel, biofuels, and biomass and the most strongly light-absorbing component
of particulate matter (PM). “BC is emitted directly into the atmosphere in the
form of fine particles (PM2.5)”.BC is defined as “a solid form of mostly pure
carbon that absorbs solar radiation at all wavelengths”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">The various sources of
black carbon emissions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are as follows. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">42%
Open biomass burning (forest and savanna burning)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">18%
Residential biofuel burned with traditional technologies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">24% Diesel
engines for transportation and industrial purposes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">10%
Industrial processes and power generation, usually from smaller boilers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">6%
Residential coal burned with traditional technologies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">Reducing black carbon can contribute to numerous
sustainable development goals, such as cleaner and healthier air, food and
water security, reduced mortality and the mitigation of climate change and its
impacts. AS per one study it is stated that significant global reductions in
black carbon and other short-lived climate pollutants can slow temperature rise
by as much as 0.5°C by 2040, and slow the rate of Arctic warming by as much as
two-thirds by 2040.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #232323; font-family: Arial; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> (Sulfate and black carbon aerosols are visible in this image
from an electron miscroscope. The arrows point at small clumps of black carbon
attached to the larger sulfates. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Credit:</span>
Arizona State University/Peter Buseck)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">While targeting for reduction of Black carbon it must be
noted that unlike CO2 and other GHGs, Black carbon is not an essential
byproduct of current sources of energy and its existence as the byproduct of
inefficient combustion is notable which makes the task of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Black Carbon reduction more<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>appealing then the CO2 , mitigation of which
requires cutting back on energy consumption in part and Black carbon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>can be reduced without necessarily limiting
the underlying emissions-producing activity. This feature has more advantages
specially in developing countries where people are reluctant to adopt measures
to address emissions that historically have come largely from developed
countries and BC mitigation would not prohibit the underlying emission causing
activity and would reap immediate benefits for local public health and address
regional warming and glacier melt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; text-indent: 0.25in;">There
is need to have effective policy interventions mostly by ensuring the
implementation of existing norms or by amending the existing ones if need
arises on following areas to reduce the impact of Black carbon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">For
diesel related emissions regular vehicle emissions tests, retirement after
certain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>age , or retrofitting (e.g.
adding particulate traps<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>including
penalties for failing to meet air quality emissions standards, and heightened
penalties for on-the-road "super-emitting" vehicles).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">Banning
or regulating the sale of certain fuels and adulteration<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and promote<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) with improved engine technology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">Restriction
in the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>use of chimneys and other forms
of biomass burning in urban and non-urban areas; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">Permits
to operate industrial, power generating, and oil refining facilities and
periodic permit renewal and/or modification of equipment duly adopting latest
pollution control technology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">Mandating
use of filtering technology and high-temperature combustion (e.g.
super-critical coal) for existing power generation plants, and regulating
annual emissions from power generation plants. Moreover as stated by Hansen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“technology is within reach that could
greatly reduce soot, restoring snow albedo to near pristine values, while
having multiple other benefits for climate, human health, agricultural
productivity, and environmental aesthetics. Already soot emissions from coal
are decreasing in many regions with transition from small users to power plants
with scrubbers.”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">Improving
the efficiency of brick making which is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>one of the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>major<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sources of emissions and there is scope<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with substantial opportunities for engagement
with kiln owners and operators, who remain largely unaware of the financial
co-benefits associated with improved firing efficiency . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">Improving
public and private fleet (Heavy Truck) efficiency and management, which
includes improving fleet efficiency and management. Though it may not be
possible for many developing countries to ban older, heavy-polluting diesel
vehicles, and there is need to encourage interventions for Engine retrofits
such as diesel particulate filter (DPF) which can be inserted as part of the
vehicle's exhaust stream and can be used in both on- and off-road vehicles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">On
domestic front replacing or Improving the efficiency of cook stoves since the
impact of replacing biofuel cooking with black carbon-free cookers (solar, bio,
and natural gas) in South and East Asia is dramatic as per studies done by
Ramanathan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">There
is a greater need for various sectors including Government to come together on
a common platform to address the issues concerning economic development and
environment protection, which includes health protection. Though primarily we
can make<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>energy sector as major
contributor for more than one-third of the global primary energy consumption
and energy-related carbon dioxide emissions and which<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has the technical potential to decrease its
energy intensity by up to 26% and emissions by up to 32%. To achieve this
target improving energy efficiency is one of the most cost-effective measures
in countries like India to loosen the link between economic growth and
environmental degradation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">The
Information and Communications Technology industry can play a key role in
enabling a low-carbon society by providing standardized information on energy
consumption and emission across sectors, as well as capabilities and platforms
to improve accountability in energy use and carbon emission. By replacing goods
and services with virtual equivalents and by providing technology to enable
energy efficiency, ICT industry has the potential to offer innovations that
will capture energy efficient opportunities across industries including
commercial buildings and homes, logistics and transport, power and
manufacturing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">India
has about 11 million Micro Small and Medium Enterprises and most of them may
not have the capacity or capital to implement sustainability in their
businesses and if provided required support these can also assist in protecting
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">environment while pushing for higher
growth targets</span> in sustainable manner. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">There
is need to decouple production systems from the consumption of materials and
energy (produce more with less) to become sustainable for the all Corporations
by following steps like switching from non-renewable to renewable sources of
energy and materials targeting cleaner production, maximizing recycling and
reuse of wastes and environmentally sound product design, enterprises can
significantly work towards sustainable growth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">The
role of local administrators including NGOs, citizen groups and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>citizen who are the real change makers at
individual level to adopt the green , low energy intensive technologies aiming
to reduce carbon emissions need to given due weightage .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-61652853788274999512015-01-20T20:46:00.001+05:302015-01-20T20:48:35.685+05:30Sanitation in India: Intractable Challenges <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">As per
the latest estimates, 53% of Indian population ( app 600 millions) defecate in
open, out of which around 70 % reside in rural areas while around 18.6 % in
urban areas. These facts reflect the seriousness of this neglected issue of
open defecation which is one of the root causes of various life threatening
diseases like GE, Malaria, Jaundice etc. This is also important that poor
sanitation, which affects the health of individuals resulting into malnutrition,
finally lead to loss of productivity. Apart from this every day around 1000
children below 5 years die due to diarrhea and other sanitation related
diseases. There had been attempts by the Government to tackle the problem of
sanitation some time in a routine manner and sometime in the form of specific
schemes but these attempts failed to achieve the desired success. During 1986
government launched <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Central Rural
Sanitation Programme (CRSP)</b> to improve the quality of life of the rural
people and also to provide privacy and dignity to women. This programme was
later changed to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Total Sanitation
Campaign” (TSC)</b> in 1999 and later on it was termed as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan”</b> to eradicate the practice of open
defecation by 2017. However the desired results were not received in spite of
all big claims and projections. Now the government has again restructured it as
“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Swatch Bharat Mission” or “Clean India Campaign”</b>.
In order to make all such programme effective and to meet the desired
objectives, there is need to integrate following issues which have affected the
success of all such programme in the past.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">India being blessed with varied diversity and multiculturalism
requires an <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>appropriate demand analysis
with specific references to location (geography), climate, communities and stakeholders
for making suitable strategy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The fact that 66 % of the Indian households do not have the access
to drinking water from treated tap sources while around 80 % devoid of closed
drainage connectivity for discharge of waste water, availability of water is
one of the major factors that affect any programme considerably which are aimed
at optimum sanitation and maintenance of hygienic living conditions. These two
factors hence need adequate consideration and concerted efforts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqwYsy6nKuPvF89e4N4GF1xKs9-cI0428fy1mplaNUOyLS87Oj4NMeQYcrk-jlmRjb3D1CxcJFLMtmX0KW_gn9a805Q6bdVtVdRnlPuzXJC63fAlb64vdPd-YLmFa25-KEFq436znUV5M/s1600/Rural-Urban_004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqwYsy6nKuPvF89e4N4GF1xKs9-cI0428fy1mplaNUOyLS87Oj4NMeQYcrk-jlmRjb3D1CxcJFLMtmX0KW_gn9a805Q6bdVtVdRnlPuzXJC63fAlb64vdPd-YLmFa25-KEFq436znUV5M/s1600/Rural-Urban_004.jpg" height="640" width="393" /></span></a></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #5b5b5b; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Source: Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation</span><!--EndFragment--> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Construction of sanitary toilets is one of the integral components
of housing programme hence integration of housing, water and sanitation can act
as effective strategy. Alternatively allotting these three departments to one
ministry at government level can considerably help in ensuring integration, convergence
and effective implementation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As the open defecation and other sanitation related activities are
directly related to health of the individual there is need to involve the
primary health department in the programme so that the proper integration is
ensured.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Effective mechanism to redress the issues related with proper
toilet use like absence of mechanism to monitor the toilet, lack of plumbing
and drainage facility, lack of proper consideration of gender based factors etc
are equally important.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adoption of proper design, water efficient models, user-friendly designs
and easy to maintain models are essentially need to be given due weightage. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urban Peculiarity: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Though the Urban areas are better placed both in the access to
drinking water and also improved sanitation but the problems of water shortage
coupled with socio –economic factors and scarcity of space make the problem
peculiar and tough for local administrators in Urban Areas (Municipalities and
Corporations) and requires a location and issue specific strategy. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The other important aspect that is directly related to sustainable
sanitation is the proper disposal of sewerage. In Urban areas where the issue
of proper disposal of sewerage including treatment of sewerage and recycling of
waste (which is also associated with bio gas production) are to be given due
importance. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Same time in rural areas the
safe and scientific disposal which includes even reuse of waste for
agri-productivity can make a win –win situation for all stake holders of the
programme.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As most of the people lacking the toilet facilities are poor and
below poverty line, adequate financial assistance either in cash or kind with
fool proof disbursement mechanism, less complicated procedures without
red-tape, proper monitoring etc. are equally important.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mothers at home and
teachers at school: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The role of mother in
sanitation and hygiene is most crucial since it is only mothers who<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> is not only<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>responsible
for collecting water and caretakers of sickened family members mainly child due
to water borne diseases but as a women she has particular needs for sanitation
which makes her position very vital not only in imparting education but also in
evolving workable strategy if allowed in decision making processes. Similarly
the teachers at school can make a big difference in imparting education for sanitation
though it is also ironical that still<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>about 20 % schools in India lack toilet facilities for girls.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Behavioral Change: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apart from lack of awareness among stake holders about various
issues of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sustainable Sanitation
Programme there is need to address the issue of behavioral change which requires
to be tackled on top priority because it is not the illiterate and poor who are
to be given adequate awareness but in many of the literate communities the well
to do and educated people specially male still prefer to defecate in open in
spite of having sanitary latrines. In addition to awareness there is need to
address the behavioral issues related to sanitation specially open defecation
not only for the individuals but also for the social or political
institutions like Gram sabha, panchayats, Khaps etc where these issues
can be addressed once they get social acceptability. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As the provision of financial assistance for construction of
toilets is one of the crucial factors for success of programmes there should be
a provision of mandatory contribution either in kind or cash. The factors like
cost of sanitation improvement and sanitary services including maintenance need
to be examined and factored carefully before launching programme at massive
scale.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is need to provide a proactive and supportive platform for
the private sector to participate in the programme so that they can become
partner not only to assist in capital works but also become partner on
operational and maintenance related issues. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As per 2011 survey by the
Central Pollution Control Board only 160 out of 8,000 towns had both sewerage
systems and a sewage treatment plants.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #5b5b5b; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urban Local Bodies and Panchayats which have been adequately
strengthened through 73</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rd</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and 74</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">th</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Constitutional amendments should also be supported<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and exhorted <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to strengthen themselves through various reforms/initiatives
specially for revenue realization which will <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>provide them opportunities and strength to
design, execute and operate desired systems/ interventions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proper incentives and rewards to organizations and individuals
involved in the programme implementations and initiating new interventions in
the areas of proper sanitation and hygiene related programmes should also
become integral part of strategy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The past experiment relating to sanitation programme in West
Bengal and Himachal Pradesh helped to highlight the importance of three factors
( also called <b>Toilet Tripod</b> ). These factors <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are (1) multi-scalar political will on the
part of both government and NGOs ; (2) proximate social pressure, i.e.,
person-to-person contact between rural inhabitants and toilets; and (3)
political ecology, i.e., assured access to water, compatible soil type, and
changing land use <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>can play a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>crucial <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>role in the success of this programme.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Last but not the least, a
comprehensive strategy and effective policy with due consideration of all above
mentioned issues with strong political will to tackle the issue cutting across
the regional or political lines will certainly pave way for the achievement of
optimum sanitation and ensure better hygienic conditions in the country.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-37062021946328659552014-11-21T12:27:00.001+05:302014-11-21T12:27:49.592+05:30 Why JNNURM failed?<div class="normalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">JNNURM was one of
India’s prestigious and ambitious programmes aiming at the development of
infrastructure related activities in urban areas mostly related to drinking
water, sanitation, housing and also other service / governance related issues
with expected outlay of Rs. 66000 Crores over a period of 5 years. The JNNURM
programme succeeded in providing much required financial assistance to needy
ULBs / Corporations who were either not financially stable or could not take up
such works due to other local priorities including lack of political vision to
take up schemes of drinking water and sanitation , housing for poor, waste
management schemes etc and in many of the States these programmes were
implemented with desired results. Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Chandigarh etc were few states where by and large the
sanctioned projects were completed with success. Another big achievement of the
project is implementation of various reforms in the ULBs relating to tax,
e-governance, town planning regulations, property tax, citizen services,
financial management of the ULBs which have helped considerably to make ULB
financially strong and independence and also efficient in the cases of service
deliveries thereby assisted to fulfill the objectives enshrined in 74th Constitutional amendment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">However this
prestigious and ambitious programme could not fulfill the required targets not
only in utilization of allocated funds by the State Governments apart from other
shortcomings which ultimately deprived the Citizens of required
provisions/outcome envisaged under objectives of the scheme. Few reasons
responsible for this failure are summarized as under. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lack of
Participation of Communities/Stakeholders:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The main reason
which affected housing scheme most was lack of participation of the communities
while planning and implementing programmes. In most of the cases, the projects
were prepared based on political then social needs and grounded. In many of the
housing projects whether it was selection of housing sites or allotment of
houses to the needy, no due care was taken to involve the beneficiaries in
programmes resulting either completion of not much desired projects or non
occupation of beneficiaries causing huge waste of money. Apart from this, reluctance
of slum dwellers to shift in case of in-situ development of project and
availability of encumbrance-free land also posed a major challenge to the
States to expedite the housing projects especially under BSUP sub-mission where
it was meant to improve conditions for urban slum dwellers in 63 identified
mission cities in 31 States and UTs for 479 projects. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="normalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lack of political
support for housing and slum development projects:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The role of local
representatives to motivate and facilitate the negotiations for housing related
projects is very crucial to make or mar the progress of any government scheme
however in many of the ULBs this active role of local representatives was found
missing in housing related projects like
Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) scheme and Integrated Housing and Slum
Development Programme (IHDSP).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi74Poir9yu_9CDG1v92ptQn_DedOZ9i4JpT08CO0mv4ztGfKQ8mlmaIL5SPsXW6tUGWZQvoiCsVFX-qET10xjaD3MokvhBtRUs98qrf6urrpxcyX2TSpuzKbx8r1ZAmho5aGTPBZRQQVU/s1600/jnnurm.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi74Poir9yu_9CDG1v92ptQn_DedOZ9i4JpT08CO0mv4ztGfKQ8mlmaIL5SPsXW6tUGWZQvoiCsVFX-qET10xjaD3MokvhBtRUs98qrf6urrpxcyX2TSpuzKbx8r1ZAmho5aGTPBZRQQVU/s1600/jnnurm.png" height="320" width="279" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Poor performance
under Housing ( Courtesy: Niticentral.com)</span></i><i style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>3.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lack of capacity and
expertise of local officials:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Many of the projects specially related to SWM(Solid
Waste Management), water supply and sanitation were implemented adopting latest
technologies however these were not put to its maximum use only because either
the local officials responsible for implementing the projects were professionally
ill equipped due to lack of required knowledge or they were not professionally
experienced enough and committed too . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>4.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Non involvement of
Administrators:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> May be sound awkward but it is also one of the reasons
that most of the Administrators at Government level or Commissioners at ULB/
Corporations level were not fully involved in timely completion of projects .
There role was limited to sanction the projects or at most completion of
agreement with contactors. Most of them have left the completion of projects
with lower level engineers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>5.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><b> </b> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lack of planning :</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Many of the
projects especially those related to availability of land became victim of this
factor. Most of the State Governments got the projects sanctioned without
examining the issue of areas of land and its availability at the time of
execution of project which became a serious factor later on causing delay and
even partial closure of projects because of non availability of land.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>6.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><b> </b> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adoption of
technology</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> without examining the local acceptance and ensuring the
post project maintenance by ULBs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>7.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><b> </b>
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Corruption:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> One of the major
reasons though not acknowledged ,was the corruption at all levels while
implementing the projects. Right form selection of projects, preparation of
Project report and selection of bidder / Contractor to making payment,
prevailing corruption has affected the
completion of project or sub-standard completion of schemes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>8.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apathy of State
Governments to provide matching State
share:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The state governments were to bear a portion of the cost
of the project depending upon the sector or size of the city. The general
principle being ' smaller the ULB, higher the govt support'. But in
practice, the state governments conveniently avoided this commitment or simply
put it on paper without releasing the money. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>9.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No scope for
Coordination among other related department ( Lack of Integrated approach ):</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> All the programmes
undertaken under JNNURM were not related to single department but were in fact
the core areas of other sister departments like Panchayat Raj, health, Housing,
IT, Women development, Education etc but whil</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e planning or during implementation there was
no mechanism made available to ensure their cooperation and coordination . The
irony was that even at Central Government level this coordination was found
missing leave the State Government and District administration. This single
line of implementation with lack of convergence also affected the success of
the programme. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>10.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><b> </b> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Incapability of Small and medium towns</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> to provide required financial resources and
also difficulty to take up requisite reforms has also resulted into non
completion of projects or delay in grounding of scheme. Apart from this in many
of the States the share of ULBs which was supposed to be given by the ULBs only
duly taking up necessary reforms meant for achieving self sufficiency of the
ULB were not allowed to happen and the State Govt also bore the Share of ULBs
thereby defeating the objective of financial stability /self sustainability.
This has also deprived the ULBs of facing the challenge of mobilizing resources . In
many cases the sanctioned projects were
considered as a free gift from
the Government. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>11.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diversion of funds:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In many of the ULBs the funds meant for
sanctioned projects were diverted either due to non-starting of project or some
time to make payments for other schemes or activities in the ULBs. Even in many
of the States, the State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) failed to follow the
guidelines of the mission while releasing money to the implementing ULBs/ Govt
departments under pressure from administrative / political quarters.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>12.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Poor monitoring of the projects by ministry
of Urban development:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Though the ministry has introduced a web enabled programme for
monitoring of various components of all 4 sub missions and also to ensure
monitoring at regular interval to provide a helping hand for policy makers and
senior managers at State and Central levels, this was failed miserably due to
poor architecture and lack of initiative to continue and improve the monitoring
programme.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="h.gjdgxs"></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.95pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN"><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13.</b><span style="font-size: 9px;"> </span></span><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Putting difficult targets or objectives under
Reforms:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Many of
the reforms proposed under the mission were found to be unrealistic and
completion of these reforms was made one of the criteria for release of balance
funds. The best example of this is Property title registration which could not
be achieved by any of the ULBs because of lack of support from political and
bureaucratic quarters due to obvious reasons. Similarly the revision of
building bye laws proposed for revision by 2011 was not implemented by ULBs. Finally
the <b>"one
size fits all"</b> approach to reform
adopted under JNNURM-I,
witnessed significant inter-state
variations in completion of reforms and this has indirectly affected / delayed
the release of balance installments of funds for different projects.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>14.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Least concern of accountability and failure
to win the confidence of Citizens</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: The concerned ULBs and para-statal agencies lacked the required will
and also their accountability towards citizens to provide them various
services. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>15.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Putting the cart before the horse :</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The other factor which can also be
considered responsible for affecting the success of programme was non
consideration of local needs and socio-political environments which are very
diverse in a multiparty system like
India. Though the mission objectives were very high but many of the
schemes/ projects envisaged under mission were imposed on the State Governments
without properly examining the local conditions and needs/priorities.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>16.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Delay in getting departmental permissions:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In many of the infrastructure projects and Under Ground
Drainages (UGD) the delay from the other departments like railways ( for
completing works near railway track / under railway track ), National Highways ( for getting
permission to work under their jurisdiction), Military organizations (works
in Military areas) etc caused considerable
delay affecting the progress.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>17.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Encroachment problem: </span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">One of the biggest problems to take up
housing or other developmental works under UGD or UIDSSMT (like side drains,
water supply line, BRTS route etc) was
of encroachment in the Cities/ Towns which not only hampered the progress but
many times forced the Authorities to change the alignment or even cancel the
project.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In nutshell we can say that though the JNNURM programme was having ambitious
objectives but failed to deliver mainly
due to mismatch among planning and expectations of people. It aimed at
involving all the three tiers of govt, the central, state and local but the
connecting thread found to be missing. Each of the stakeholders acted in their
own silos and this not only delayed projected outcomes, but also wasted the
resources. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The new Government is likely to replace
JNNURM with a fresh mandate to build 100 SMART cities based on
latest technologies (GIS) and focus on infrastructure, better connectivity ,
better governance and safe environment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-47308577480902176292014-10-31T21:54:00.000+05:302014-10-31T21:54:03.305+05:30Segregation of Waste at Home: Our Greatest Contribution to Swatch Bharat<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Qc_bwoCst5sBkX97XCyCyhc4eZOP96RQ8nwrD8b2-lZQI6NK21gBJJqElWC8xvzBTtDvkTTCtO-QTEdRKIyLLx4oGTtR6Lsapxk-NfV4rrP1kM9pOMVxKyYnnAX5JCJbpdo9sSmwhXg/s1600/swatch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Qc_bwoCst5sBkX97XCyCyhc4eZOP96RQ8nwrD8b2-lZQI6NK21gBJJqElWC8xvzBTtDvkTTCtO-QTEdRKIyLLx4oGTtR6Lsapxk-NfV4rrP1kM9pOMVxKyYnnAX5JCJbpdo9sSmwhXg/s1600/swatch.jpg" height="177" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ever
since the Prime Minister Narender Modi has launched Swatch Bharat Mission to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>accomplish the vision of 'Clean India' by 2
October 2019, it has been taken up very enthusiastically by people of all walk
including media. The importance of sanitation in one’s own life and its impact
for community and environment does not require any further elaborations.
However the bigger question here is sustainability of this programme over a period
of time which Mr. Modi is expecting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from
all of us.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
main thrust areas under this programme aimed at are public places,
institutions, Bus Stands, railways stations, parks, streets and roads to name a
few, which we Indian keep filthy and full of garbage and waste of all the
kinds. Keeping all such places neat and clean is the responsibility of Local
bodies (Municipalities /Corporations/Nagar Panchayats) as per Municipal Solid
Waste (management & Handling) Rules 2000 with regulatory and monitoring responsibility
to State Pollution Control Boards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In
India per capita average municipal solid waste production varies from 0.21 to
0.50 Kg per day and for approximately 388 million Urbanites the solid waste
generation is expected to increase from 34 million tonnes (2000) to 83.8
million tonnes ( 2015) and 221 million tonnes in 2030. Keeping the average
composition of Waste in view (app 50% organic, 8-10% paper, 7-8% Plastics and
rest others) at least half of the waste generated can be safely put to composting,
pelletisation etc., while the plastics and paper can be used for reuse and
recycling. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">As
per the studies carried out by Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB) , the
compliance of handling of waste by local bodies<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>right from collection, segregation, transportation to processing and
disposal is not very encouraging. In fact there is no well-established official
system in place to ensure collection and disposal of recyclable and
biodegradable -waste in Municipalities and much of which depends on financial
condition of ULBs, initiatives both at political and executive level apart from
and access to technological interventions. It is also true that there are few
good examples of efficient and scientific waste management by local bodies,
which need to be replicated throughout the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">So
how far it is correct to blame our municipalities for this state of affairs?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A
small initiative at individual level in this direction can contribute
significantly. Segregating biodegradable waste like food items, vegetable waste
etc., from non-biodegradable or recyclable waste mainly papers and plastics at
individual level not only reduces the burden of waste disposal to local
authorities but will help to improve the rapidly degraded sanitary conditions
of our streets and garbage dumps of towns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Maintaining
two bin systems (one for bio-degradable or compostable waste and other for
recyclable waste) at Society level with active cooperation of Resident Welfare Societies
is the need of hour. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sincere
attempts and actions to reduce the quantum of garbage by segregation at home
will surely go a long way in waste management initiative and assist in
contributing </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 21px;">significantly</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 16pt;"> towards Sanitation campaign.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lets
start something…</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-52518336387783900662014-10-28T13:22:00.001+05:302014-10-28T13:22:32.681+05:30Hudhud Cyclone and Tree Cover:Lesson for Future<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The
Trees which provide innumerable goods
and services for the mankind specially for the protection of environment and considered as a strong component to counter
the vagaries of nature like drought, flood, climate change etc have sometime
fall short of required expectations as witnessed in the recent havoc caused by Cyclone Hudhud
which devastated the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa on 12<sup>th</sup>
October this year. Touching a speed up to 180 Km/hour, the cyclone devastated majority of coastal districts of
Andhra Pradesh taking lives of 46 people and affecting around 30 Lakhs families.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Apart
from loss of lives and properties, the green cover of Visakhapatnam for which
the Corporation even got awards previously also got the dubious distinction of
becoming instrumental in more damages to building and other infrastructure
leaving apart the loss of vegetation itself </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">Green
cover destroyed (</span><a href="http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141013/nation-current-affairs/article/vizag%E2%80%99s-green-cover-destroyed-hudhud" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141013/nation-current-affairs/article/vizag%E2%80%99s-green-cover-destroyed-hudhud</span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">Hudhud
cyclone- a green disaster for the State (</span><a href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/hudhud-cyclone-a-green-disaster-for-vizag/article6497201.ece" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/hudhud-cyclone-a-green-disaster-for-vizag/article6497201.ece</span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">)</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Couples
feel blues…(<a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Visakhapatnam/Couples-feel-blue-as-Vizag-loses-its-cover/articleshow/44944382.cms">http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Visakhapatnam/Couples-feel-blue-as-Vizag</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Visakhapatnam/Couples-feel-blue-as-Vizag-loses-its-cover/articleshow/44944382.cms">loses-its-cover/articleshow/44944382.cms</a>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Visakhapatnam
stripped of 70%..... (</span><a href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Cyclone-Hudhud-Visakhapatnam-Stripped-of-70-Percent-of-Green-Cover/2014/10/14/article2477031.ece"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Cyclone-Hudhud-Visakhapatnam-Stripped-of-70-Percent-of-Green-Cover/2014/10/14/article2477031.ece</span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Hudhud
leaves biodiversity park ravaged….(</span><a href="http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141019/nation-current-affairs/article/hudhud-leaves-biodiversity-park-ravaged-vizag" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141019/nation-current-affairs/article/hudhud-leaves-biodiversity-park-ravaged-vizag</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><a href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-pics-hudhud-takes-the-green-sheen-off-vizag/article1-1277739.aspx?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+HT-Dontmiss+(HindustanTimes.com+-+Common-DontMiss)">http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-pics-hudhud-takes-the-green-sheen-off-vizag/article1-1277739.aspx?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+HT-Dontmiss+(HindustanTimes.com+-+Common-DontMiss)</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In
most of the literature on forest regeneration and management practices there is a mention of wind break/ shelter belt system consisting of tress of various species planted
across the speed direction of the wind for the purpose of suppressing or reducing the high winds speed and controlling the ill effects
however the recent experience of Hudhud damage has now re opened the
dimension of forestry management which was hitherto not
given much importance in tree plantation specially in urban areas. This is the issue of tolerance
of different tree species towards the natural calamity like cyclone.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">As
per rough estimates of Visakhapatnam officials, approximately 78000 trees (nearly
70 %) were got uprooted in the cyclone. Species like Delonix regia (Gulmohar),
Peltophoram( Yellow Flame Tree), Tababeua, Samania saman( Rain tree),Acacias, Jacarandas and Eucalyptus were prominent which got uprooted/ damaged in
the Vishakhapatnam city itself in the recent cyclone.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This
considerable reduction of green space is
going to reduce the capacity of Urban Forests of Visakhapatnam and other towns to
mitigate the ill effects of environmental
degradation including global warming apart from the aesthetic beauty of the City however the loss can also be taken as opportunity by City Planners and Urban Foresters to revise and rewrite the planning for afforestation programme duly giving space to factors like cyclone tolerance capacity , root system etc apart
from other silvi-mechanical aspects . The simple rule that can be made applicable
for selection of species is to avoid fast growing trees and those having shallow root systems and select slow
growing, having high wood density,dense crown and native trees with deep and profuse
root system like Jamun(Syzygium ), Palms
, Mango and Ficus to name a few. Giving more priority to areas
like beaches and open places having adequate soil and moisture for future planting will also be helpful as
the trees in these habitats will tend to grow more vigorous and strong due to availability
of more space and deep soil.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<b><o:p></o:p></b>Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5929252203767074317.post-34702379992434652412012-08-01T22:32:00.002+05:302012-08-01T22:32:18.551+05:30Ecological Footprint and Bio -Capacity: Accounting of Non-tangible environmental services:<br />
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<span style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Increased
awareness about environmental issues including global warming, deforestation,
pollution etc have resulted not only in
depth analysis of these issues but also motivated the researchers to devise
methods to quantify the services
provided by the nature. In contrast to economic indicator or GDP , the latest tools for measuring ecological values of various services have
facilitated to accord more priority to
the environmental sector for policy makers and administrators to tune their interventions in
order to make them more sustainable and eco friendly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">These
two measures are Ecological footprint and Bio- capacity and also called as
"EF" and "BC" in short.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
<b>ecological footprint(EF)</b> is a
measure of the load imposed by a given population on nature. In other words it
is the area of the earth which is
required to meet the levels of
resource consumption on sustainable
basis including waste discharge by that population.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bio-capacity (BC)</span></b><span style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> in simple words means
the biological productive capacity of a
resource. (e.g. agriculture land, pasture, forest, productive sea). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Both
the Ecological Footprint and bio-capacity are measured in terms of global hectares
(g ha), which represent a hectare of land with average productive bio-capacity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In
other words EF and BC are
equivalent to the economic concepts of
demand and supply. When used together, they form the EF/BC accounts. EF/BC
accounting is frequently referred to only as EF accounting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
EF/BC accounts are formed by combining the EF and the BC, thereby turning the
approach into a more complete accounting tool for natural resources. The algebraic difference between
BC and EF is called Ecological Deficit, if it is negative or Ecological Reserve
if it is positive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In
2008, the Earth’s total bio-capacity was 12.0 billion gha, or 1.8 gha per
person, while humanity’s Ecological Footprint was 18.2 billion gha, or 2.7 gha
per person. This discrepancy means it would take 1.5 years for the Earth to
fully regenerate the renewable resources that people used in one year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Global
Foot Print networks has assessed the trends in Ecological foot print and bio
capacity per person between 1961 & 2008 which is shown below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
major issues concerning both the EF and BC are that while the increasing GHG
emissions and other environmental problems
causing increasing global temperatures, climate change,
land degradation and ocean acidification
putting enormous stresses on
biodiversity and ecosystems. This affects
the bio-capacity of the earth very badly.
Same time the increased exploitation of resources for burgeoning
population is increasing the EF at an unprecedented rate. The more is the gap
between the EF and BC ,more we are near to exhausting our
resources and collapse of ecosystems due to this overshoot i.e., shortfall
in earth’s biological capacity to meet
the consumption demands of all humanity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>Mohan Chandra Pargaienhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11953284921374982426noreply@blogger.com3